tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26657405638414303492024-02-22T00:33:18.819+07:00Media Belajar SejarahI Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.comBlogger14125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-38612267057322820692012-08-20T17:26:00.000+07:002012-08-20T17:26:56.849+07:00PROSES MASUK DAN BERKEMBANGNYA AGAMA SERTA KEBUDAYAAN HINDU-BUDHA DI INDONESIA<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">PROSES MASUK DAN BERKEMBANGNYA AGAMA SERTA KEBUDAYAAN HINDU-BUDHA DI INDONESIA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Agama Hindu- Budha berasal dari India, kemudian menyebar ke Asia Timur. Asia Tenggara termasuk Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="NO-BOK" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Proses Masuknya Agama Hindu dan Budha ke Indonesia</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan letaknya sangat strategis, yaitu terletak diantara dua benua (Asia dan Australia) dan dua samudra (Indonesia dan Pasifik) yang merupakan daerah persimpangan lalu lintas perdagangan dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="NO-BOK" style="mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Untuk lebih jelasnya, silahkan Anda amati gambar peta jaringan perdagangan laut Asia Tenggara berikut ini:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="height: 292px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 27px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 629px; z-index: 1;"><img height="292" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" width="629" /></span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 1. Peta jalur perdagangan laut Asia Tenggara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Awal abad Masehi, jalur perdagangan tidak lagi melewati jalur darat (jalur sutera) tetapi beralih kejalur laut, sehingga secara tidak langsung perdagangan antara Cina dan India melewati selat Malaka. Untuk itu Indonesia ikut berperan aktif dalam perdagangan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akibat hubungan dagang tersebut, maka terjadilah kontak/hubungan antara Indonesia dengan India, dan Indonesia dengan Cina. Hal inilah yang menjadi salah satu penyebab masuknya budaya India ataupun budaya Cina ke Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengenai siapa yang membawa atau menyebarkan agama Hindu - Budha ke Indonesia, tidak dapat diketahui secara pasti, walaupun demikian para ahli memberikan pendapat </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">tentang proses masuknya agama Hindu - Budha atau kebudayaan India ke Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk penyiaran Agama Hindu ke Indonesia, terdapat beberapa <b><span style="color: red;">pendapat/hipotesa</span></b> yaitu antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Ksatria</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">, diutarakan oleh <span style="color: red;">Prof.Dr.Ir.J.L.Moens</span> berpendapat bahwa yang membawa agama Hindu ke Indonesia adalah <span style="color: red;">kaum ksatria</span> atau golongan prajurit, karena <span style="color: red;">adanya kekacauan politik/peperangan di India abad 4 - 5 M</span>, maka prajurit yang kalah perang terdesak dan menyingkir ke Indonesia, bahkan diduga mendirikan kerajaan di Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Waisya</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">, diutarakan oleh <span style="color: red;">Dr.N.J.Krom</span>, berpendapat bahwa agama Hindu masuk ke Indonesia dibawa oleh <span style="color: red;">kaum pedagang</span> yang datang untuk berdagang ke Indonesia, bahkan diduga ada yang <span style="color: red;">menetap karena menikah</span> dengan orang Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Brahmana</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">, diutarakan oleh <span style="color: red;">J.C.Vanleur</span> berpendapat bahwa agama Hindu masuk ke Indonesia dibawa oleh <span style="color: red;">kaum Brahmana</span> karena hanyalah kaum Brahmana yang berhak mempelajari dan mengerti isi kitab suci Weda. Kedatangan Kaum Brahmana tersebut diduga karena <span style="color: red;">undangan Penguasa/Kepala Suku di Indonesia</span> atau sengaja datang untuk menyebarkan agama Hindu ke Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada dasarnya ketiga teori tersebut memiliki <span style="color: red;">kelemahan</span> yaitu karena <span style="color: red;">golongan ksatria dan waisya tidak mengusai bahasa Sansekerta</span>. Sedangkan bahasa Sansekerta adalah bahasa sastra tertinggi yang dipakai dalam kitab suci Weda. Dan golongan Brahmana walaupun menguasai <span style="color: red;">bahasa Sansekerta</span> tetapi menurut kepercayaan Hindu kolot tidak boleh menyebrangi laut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Disamping pendapat / hipotesa tersebut di atas, terdapat pendapat yang lebih menekankan pada peranan Bangsa Indonesia sendiri, untuk lebih jelasnya simak uraian berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hipotesis Arus Balik</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> dikemukakan <span style="color: red;">oleh FD. K. Bosh</span>. Hipotesis ini menekankan peranan bangsa Indonesia dalam proses penyebaran kebudayaan Hindu dan Budha di Indonesia. Menurutnya penyebaran budaya India di Indonesia dilakukan oleh para cendikiawan atau golongan terdidik. Golongan ini dalam penyebaran budayanya melakukan proses penyebaran yang terjadi dalam <span style="color: red;">dua tahap</span> yaitu sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>* <span style="color: red;">Pertama</span>, proses penyebaran di lakukan oleh golongan pendeta Budha atau para biksu, yang menyebarkan agama Budha ke Asia termasuk Indonesia melalui jalur dagang, sehingga di Indonesia terbentuk masyarakat Sangha, dan selanjutnya orang-orang Indonesia yang sudah menjadi biksu, berusaha belajar agama Budha di India. Sekembalinya dari India mereka membawa kitab suci, bahasa sansekerta, kemampuan menulis serta kesan-kesan mengenai kebudayaan India. Dengan demikian peran aktif penyebaran budaya India, tidak hanya orang India tetapi juga orang-orang Indonesia yaitu para biksu Indonesia tersebut. Hal ini dibuktikan melalui karya seni Indonesia yang sudah mendapat pengaruh India masih menunjukan ciri-ciri Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">* <span style="color: red;">Kedua</span>, proses penyebaran kedua dilakukan oleh golongan Brahmana terutama aliran Saiva-siddharta. Menurut aliran ini seseorang yang dicalonkan untuk menduduki golongan Brahmana harus mempelajari kitab agama Hindu bertahun-tahun sampai dapat ditasbihkan menjadi Brahmana. Setelah ditasbihkan, ia dianggap telah disucikan oleh Siva dan dapat melakukan upacara Vratyastome / penyucian diri untuk menghindukan seseorang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Jadi hubungan dagang telah menyebabkan terjadinya proses masuknya penganut Hindu - Budha ke Indonesia. Beberapa hipotesis di atas menunjukan bahwa masuknya pengaruh Hindu - Budha merupakan satu proses tersendiri yang terpisah namun tetap di dukung oleh proses perdagangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Untuk agama Budha diduga adanya misi penyiar agama Budha yang disebut dengan Dharmaduta, dan diperkirakan abad 2 Masehi agama Budha masuk ke Indonesia. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan adanya penemuan arca Budha yang terbuat dari perunggu diberbagai daerah di Indonesia antara lain Sempaga (Sulsel), Jember (Jatim), Bukit Siguntang (Sumsel). Dilihat ciri-cirinya, arca tersebut berasal dari langgam Amarawati (India Selatan) dari abad 2 - 5 Masehi. Dan di samping itu juga ditemukan arca perunggu berlanggam Gandhara (India Utara) di Kota Bangun, Kutai (Kaltim).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Wujud Akulturasi Kebudayaan Hindu-Budha dengan Kebudayaan Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apakah Anda sebelumnya pernah mendengar atau mengetahui pengertian Akulturasi? Banyak para ahli yang memberikan definisi tentang akulturasi, antara lain menurut pendapat Harsoyo.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akulturasi</span><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"> adalah fenomena yang timbul sebagai hasil jika kelompok-kelompok manusia yang mempunyai kebudayaan yang berbeda-beda bertemu dan mengadakan kontak secara langsung dan terus-menerus; yang kemudian menimbulkan perubahan dalam pola kebudayaan yang original dari salah satu kelompok atau kedua-duanya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari definisi di atas, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa <span style="color: red;">akulturasi </span><span style="color: black;">s</span>ama dengan <span style="color: red;">kontak budaya</span> yaitu bertemunya dua kebudayaan yang berbeda melebur menjadi satu menghasilkan kebudayaan baru tetapi <span style="color: red;">tidak menghilangkan kepribadian/sifat kebudayaan aslinya.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dengan adanya penjelasan tentang pengertian akulturasi, apakah Anda sekarang sudah memahami istilah akulturasi? Jika Anda sudah paham, silakan Anda simak uraian materinya. Seperti telah dijelaskan pada materi sebelumnya, dengan adanya kontak dagang antara Indonesia dengan India, maka mengakibatkan adanya kontak budaya atau akulturasi yang menghasilkan bentuk-bentuk kebudayaan baru tetapi tidak melenyapkan kepribadian kebudayaan sendiri. Harus Anda pahami masuknya pengaruh Hindu dan Budha merupakan satu proses tersendiri yang terpisah namun tetap didukung oleh proses perdagangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Hal ini berarti kebudayaan Hindu - Budha yang masuk ke Indonesia tidak diterima seperti apa adanya, tetapi diolah, ditelaah dan disesuaikan dengan budaya yang dimiliki penduduk Indonesia, sehingga budaya tersebut berpadu dengan kebudayaan asli Indonesia menjadi bentuk akulturasi kebudayaan Indonesia Hindu - Budha.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Wujud akulturasi tersebut dapat Anda simak pada uraian materi unsur-unsur budaya berikut ini:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">1. Bahasa</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Wujud akulturasi dalam bidang bahasa, dapat dilihat dari adanya penggunaan bahasa Sansekerta yang dapat Anda temukan sampai sekarang dimana bahasa Sansekerta memperkaya perbendaharaan bahasa Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk mengukur tingkat pemahaman Anda, silakan tulis 5 kata bahasa Indonesia yang berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta, selanjutnya Anda simak uraian materi selanjutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Penggunaan bahasa Sansekerta pada awalnya banyak ditemukan pada prasasti (batu bertulis) peninggalan kerajaan Hindu - Budha pada abad 5 - 7 M, contohnya prasasti Yupa dari Kutai, prasasti peninggalan Kerajaan Tarumanegara. Tetapi untuk perkembangan selanjutnya bahasa Sansekerta di gantikan oleh bahasa Melayu Kuno seperti yang ditemukan pada prasasti peninggalan kerajaan Sriwijaya 7 - 13 M. Untuk aksara, dapat dibuktikan adanya penggunaan huruf Pallawa, kemudian berkembang menjadi huruf Jawa Kuno (kawi) dan huruf (aksara) Bali dan Bugis. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan melalui Prasasti Dinoyo (Malang) yang menggunakan huruf Jawa Kuno.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Demikianlah uraian tentang contoh wujud akulturasi dalam bidang bahasa, untuk selanjutnya simak uraian materi berikutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">2. Religi/Kepercayaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sistem kepercayaan yang berkembang di Indonesia sebelum agama Hindu-Budha masuk ke Indonesia adalah kepercayaan yang berdasarkan pada Animisme dan Dinamisme. Anda masih ingat pengertian Animisme dan Dinamisme? Bila Anda lupa, baca kembali modul ke-2 Anda!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dengan masuknya agama Hindu - Budha ke Indonesia, masyarakat Indonesia mulai menganut/mempercayai agama-agama tersebut. Agama Hindu dan Budha yang berkembang di Indonesia sudah mengalami perpaduan dengan kepercayaan animisme dan dinamisme, atau dengan kata lain mengalami Sinkritisme. Tentu Anda bertanya apa yang dimaksud dengan Sinkritisme? Sinkritisme adalah bagian dari proses akulturasi, yang berarti perpaduan dua kepercayaan yang berbeda menjadi satu. Untuk itu agama Hindu dan Budha yang berkembang di Indonesia, berbeda dengan agama Hindu - Budha yang dianut oleh masyarakat India. Perbedaaan-perbedaan tersebut dapat Anda lihat dalam upacara ritual yang diadakan oleh umat Hindu atau Budha yang ada di Indonesia. Contohnya, upacara Nyepi yang dilaksanakan oleh umat Hindu Bali, upacara tersebut tidak dilaksanakan oleh umat Hindu di India.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Demikianlah penjelasan tentang contoh wujud akulturasi dalam bidang religi/kepercayaan. Selanjutnya simak uraian materi berikutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">3. Organisasi Sosial Kemasyarakatan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Wujud akulturasi dalam bidang organisasi sosial kemasyarakatan dapat Anda lihat dalam organisasi politik yaitu sistem pemerintahan yang berkembang di Indonesia setelah masuknya pengaruh India.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dengan adanya pengaruh kebudayaan India tersebut, maka sistem pemerintahan yang berkembang di Indonesia adalah bentuk kerajaan yang diperintah oleh seorang raja secara turun temurun. Raja di Indonesia ada yang dipuja <span style="color: red;">sebagai dewa</span> atau <span style="color: red;">dianggap keturunan dewa</span> yang keramat, sehingga rakyat sangat memuja Raja tersebut, hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan adanya raja-raja yang memerintah di Singosari seperti Kertanegara diwujudkan sebagai Bairawa dan R Wijaya Raja Majapahit diwujudkan sebagai Harhari (dewa Syiwa dan Wisnu jadi satu).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pemerintahan Raja di Indonesia ada yang bersifat mutlak dan turun-temurun seperti di India dan ada juga yang menerapkan prinsip musyawarah. Prinsip musyawarah diterapkan terutama apabila raja tidak mempunyai putra mahkota yaitu seperti yang terjadi di kerajaan Majapahit, pada waktu pengangkatan Wikramawardana.Wujud akulturasi di samping terlihat dalam sistem pemerintahan juga terlihat dalam sistem kemasyarakatan, yaitu pembagian lapisan masyarakat berdasarkan sistem kasta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Apakah Anda sebelumnya mengenal kasta? Kalau Anda pernah mengetahui tentang kasta, cobalah tuliskan empat kasta menurut kepercayaan agama Hindu, seperti yang Anda ketahui pada tabel 1.1 berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><img align="left" height="153" hspace="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.jpg" width="603" /><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabel 1.1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Setelah Anda menuliskan kasta-kasta tersebut, untuk mengetahui kebenarannya, simaklah uraian materi berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sistem kasta menurut kepercayaan Hindu terdiri dari kasta Brahmana (golongan Pendeta), kasta Ksatria (golongan Prajurit, Bangsawan), kasta Waisya (golongan pedagang) dan kasta Sudra (golongan rakyat jelata).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kasta-kasta tersebut juga berlaku atau dipercayai oleh umat Hindu Indonesia tetapi tidak sama persis dengan kasta-kasta yang ada di India karena kasta India benar-benar diterapkan dalam seluruh aspek kehidupan, sedangkan di Indonesia tidak demikian, karena di Indonesia kasta hanya diterapkan untuk upacara keagamaan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Demikianlah contoh wujud akulturasi dalam bidang organisasi sosial kemasyarakatan untuk selanjutnya kalau Anda sudah memahaminya, Anda dapat melanjutkan pada uraian materi wujud akulturasi berikutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">4. Sistem Pengetahuan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Wujud akulturasi dalam bidang pengetahuan, salah satunya yaitu perhitungan waktu berdasarkan kalender tahun saka, tahun dalam kepercayaan Hindu. Menurut perhitungan satu tahun Saka sama dengan 365 hari dan perbedaan tahun saka dengan tahun masehi adalah 78 tahun sebagai contoh misalnya tahun saka 654, maka tahun masehinya 654 + 78 = 732 M </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari penjelasan di atas, apakah Anda sudah memahami? kalau Anda sudah paham, silahkan Anda isi tabel 1.2 dengan tahun saka prasasti peninggalan Sriwijaya berikut ini</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tabel 1.2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">No.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.35pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nama Prasasti</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.35pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tahun Masehi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.4pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tahun Saka</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.35pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kedukan Bukit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ligor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.35pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">683 M</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">775 M</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.4pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk mengetahui kebenaran perhitungan Anda, nanti akan Anda temukan pada uraian materi kegiatan belajar 2 dalam modul ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Di samping adanya pengetahuan tentang kalender Saka, juga ditemukan perhitungan tahun Saka dengan menggunakan Candrasangkala. Apakah Anda sebelumnya pernah mendengar istilah Candrasangkala? Candrasangkala adalah susunan kalimat atau gambar yang dapat dibaca sebagai angka. Candrasangkala banyak ditemukan dalam prasasti yang ditemukan di pulau Jawa, dan menggunakan kalimat bahasa Jawa salah satu contohnya yaitu kalimat Sirna ilang kertaning bhumi apabila diartikan sirna = 0, ilang = 0, kertaning = 4 dan bhumi = 1, maka kalimat tersebut diartikan dan belakang sama dengan tahun 1400 saka atau sama dengan 1478 M yang merupakan tahun runtuhnya Majapahit .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari uraian di atas, apakah Anda sudah paham? Kalau sudah paham simak kembali wujud akulturasi berikutnya!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="SV" style="color: red; mso-ansi-language: SV;">5. Peralatan Hidup dan Teknologi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Salah satu wujud akulturasi dari peralatan hidup dan teknologi terlihat dalam seni bangunan Candi. Seni bangunan Candi tersebut memang mengandung unsur budaya India tetapi keberadaan candi-candi di Indonesia tidak sama dengan candi-candi yang ada di India, karena candi di Indonesia hanya mengambil unsur teknologi perbuatannya melalui dasar-dasar teoritis yang tercantum dalam kitab Silpasastra yaitu sebuah kitab pegangan yang memuat berbagai petunjuk untuk melaksanakan pembuatan arca dan bangunan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk itu dilihat dari bentuk dasar maupun fungsi candi tersebut terdapat perbedaan. Bentuk dasar bangunan candi di Indonesia adalah punden berundak-undak, yang merupakan salah satu peninggalan kebudayaan Megalithikum yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pemujaan. </span><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Sedangkan fungsi bangunan candi itu sendiri di Indonesia sesuai dengan asal kata candi tersebut. Perkataan candi berasal dari kata Candika yang merupakan salah satu nama dewi Durga atau dewi maut, sehingga candi merupakan bangunan untuk memuliakan orang yang telah wafat khususnya raja-raja dan orang-orang terkemuka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Di samping itu, dalam bahasa kawi candi berasal dari kata Cinandi artinya yang dikuburkan. Untuk itu yang dikuburkan didalam candi bukanlah mayat atau abu jenazah melainkan berbagai macam benda yang menyangkut lambang jasmaniah raja yang disimpan dalam Pripih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Dengan demikian fungsi candi Hindu di Indonesia adalah untuk pemujaan terhadap roh nenek moyang atau dihubungkan dengan raja yang sudah meninggal. Hal ini terlihat dari adanya lambang jasmaniah raja sedangkan fungsi candi di India adalah untuk tempat pemujaan terhadap dewa, contohnya seperti candi-candi yang terdapat di kota Benares merupakan tempat pemujaan terhadap dewa Syiwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Untuk memperjelas pemahaman Anda, silahkan Anda simak gambar 2 candi Hindu berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"><img height="272" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.jpg" width="297" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 2. Candi Jago, Malang, Jawa Timur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gambar 2. adalah gambar candi juga salah satu peninggalan kerajaan Singosari yang merupakan tempat dimuliakannya raja Wisnuwardhana yang memerintah tahun 1248 - 1268.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dilihat dari gambar candi tersebut, bentuk dasarnya adalah punden berundak- undak dan pada bagian bawah terdapat kaki candi yang di dalamnya terdapat sumuran candi, di mana di dalam sumuran candi tersebut tempat menyimpan pripih (lambang jasmaniah raja Wisnuwardhana).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Dari penjelasan tersebut di atas, apakah Anda sudah memahami? Kalau Anda sudah paham, simaklah urutan materi berikutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk candi yang bercorak Budha fungsinya sama dengan di India yaitu untuk memuja Dyani Bodhisattwa yang dianggap sebagai perwujudan dewa, maka untuk memperjelas pemahaman Anda simak gambar 1.3. candi Budha berikut ini .</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"><img height="262" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.jpg" width="392" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 3. Candi Borobudur, Jawa Tengah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 3. candi Borobudur adalah candi Budha yang terbesar sehingga merupakan salah satu dari 7 keajaiban dunia dan merupakan salah satu peninggalan kerajaan Mataram dilihat dari 3 tingkatan, pada tingkatan yang paling atas terdapat patung Dyani Budha.Patung-patung Dyani Budha inilah yang menjadi tempat pemujaan umat Budha. Di samping itu juga pada bagian atas, juga terdapat atap candi yang berbentuk stupa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Untuk candi Budha di India hanya berbentuk stupa, sedangkan di Indonesia stupa merupakan ciri khas atap candi-candi yang bersifat agama Budha. Dengan demikian seni bangunan candi di Indonesia memiliki kekhasan tersendiri karena Indonesia hanya mengambil intinya saja dari unsur budaya India sebagai dasar ciptaannya dan hasilnya tetap sesuatu yang bercorak Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Demikianlah uraian materi tentang wujud akulturasi dalam peralatan hidup dan teknologi yang terlihat pada bangunan candi, kalau Anda sudah paham simak uraian akulturasi berikutnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;">6. Kesenian</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Wujud akulturasi dalam bidang kesenian terlihat dari seni rupa, seni sastra dan seni pertunjukan . Dalam seni rupa contoh wujud akulturasinya dapat dilihat dari relief dinding candi (gambar timbul), gambar timbul pada candi tersebut banyak menggambarkan suatu kisah/cerita yang berhubungan dengan ajaran agama Hindu ataupun Budha. Contoh dapat Anda amati gambar 4.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US"><img height="268" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.jpg" width="444" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;">Gambar 4. Relief Candi Borobudur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Gambar di atas adalah relief dari candi Borobudur yang menggambarkan Budha sedang digoda oleh Mara yang menari-nari diiringi gendang. Relief ini mengisahkan riwayat hidup Sang Budha seperti yang terdapat dalam kitab Lalitawistara. Demikian pula halnya dengan candi-candi Hindu. Relief-reliefnya yang juga mengambil kisah yang terdapat dalam kepercayaan Hindu seperti kisah Ramayana yang digambarkan melalui relief candi Prambanan ataupun candi Panataran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Dari relief-relief tersebut apabila diamati lebih lanjut, ternyata Indonesia juga mengambil kisah asli cerita tersebut, tetapi suasana kehidupan yang digambarkan oleh relief tersebut adalah suasana kehidupan asli keadaan alam ataupun masyarakat Indonesia. Dengan demikian terbukti bahwa Indonesia tidak menerima begitu saja budaya India, tetapi selalu berusaha menyesuaikan dengan keadaan dan suasana di Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Untuk wujud akulturasi dalam seni sastra dapat dibuktikan dengan adanya suatu ceritera/ kisah yang berkembang di Indonesia yang bersumber dari kitab Ramayana yang ditulis oleh Walmiki dan kitab Mahabarata yang ditulis oleh Wiyasa. Kedua kitab tersebut merupakan kitab kepercayaan umat Hindu. Tetapi setelah berkembang di Indonesia tidak sama proses seperti aslinya dari India karena sudah disadur kembali oleh pujangga-pujangga Indonesia, ke dalam bahasa Jawa kuno. Dan, tokoh-tokoh cerita dalam kisah tersebut ditambah dengan hadirnya tokoh punokawan seperti Semar, Bagong, Petruk dan Gareng. Bahkan dalam kisah Bharatayuda yang disadur dari kitab Mahabarata tidak menceritakan perang antar Pendawa dan Kurawa, melainkan menceritakan kemenangan Jayabaya dari Kediri melawan Jenggala.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Di samping itu juga, kisah Ramayana maupun Mahabarata diambil sebagai suatu ceritera dalam seni pertunjukan di Indonesia yaitu salah satunya pertunjukan Wayang. Seni pertunjukan wayang merupakan salah satu kebudayaan asli Indonesia sejak zaman prasejarah dan pertunjukan wayang tersebut sangat digemari terutama oleh masyarakat Jawa. Wujud akulturasi dalam pertunjukan wayang tersebut terlihat dari pengambilan lakon ceritera dari kisah Ramayana maupun Mahabarata yang berasal dari budaya India, tetapi tidak sama persis dengan aslinya karena sudah mengalami perubahan. Perubahan tersebut antara lain terletak dari karakter atau perilaku tokoh-tokoh ceritera misalnya dalam kisah Mahabarata keberadaan tokoh Durna, dalam cerita aslinya Dorna adalah seorang maha guru bagi Pendawa dan Kurawa dan berperilaku baik, tetapi dalam lakon di Indonesia Dorna adalah tokoh yang berperangai buruk suka menghasut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Demikian penjelasan tentang wujud akulturasi dalam bidang kesenian. Dan yang perlu Anda pahami dari seluruh uraian tentang wujud akulturasi tersebut bahwa unsur budaya India tidak pernah menjadi unsur budaya yang dominan dalam kerangka budaya Indonesia, karena dalam proses akulturasi tersebut, Indonesia selalu bertindak selektif.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Untuk memudahkan Anda dalam memahami uraian materi wujud akulturasi Kebudayaan Indonesia dengan Kebudayaan India, maka simaklah ikhtisar dari wujud akulturisasi tersebut seperti pada tabel 1.3 berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">Tabel 1.3. Ikhtisar wujud kulturasi kebudayaan Indonesia dengan India.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><img align="left" height="592" hspace="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.jpg" width="611" /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;">I. Pilihlah salah satu jawaban yang Anda anggap benar!</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">1. Prasasti Yupa di Kutai dibuat pada masa pemerintahan raja ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">a. Kudungga <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. Purnawarman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">b. Aswawarman <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>e. Adityawarman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">c. Mulawarman <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">2. Tuliskan Waprakeswara pada sebuah Yupa di Kutai mencerminkan ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">a. bangunan suci yang didatangkan dari India</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">b. tempat menyimpan abu jenasah raja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">c. tempat mengikat upacara kurban</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">d. tempat pemujaan terhadap dewa Syiwa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">e. perpaduan bangunan Indonesia dan India</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">3. Raja Kutai yang mendapat julukan sebagai dewa Ansuman adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">a. Aswawarman <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Mulawarman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">b. Purnawarman <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Adityawarman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Kudungga <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">4. Prasasti terpenting peninggalan kerajaan Tarumanegara adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. Prasasti Ciarunteun <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d. Prasasti Cianteun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Prasasti Tugu <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Prasasti Kebun Jambu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Prasasti Cidanghiang <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">5. Musafir Cina yang pernah singgah ke Tarumanegara adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. I-Tshing <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. Cheng-Ho</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Ma-Huan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. Fa-Hien</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Hwining <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">6. Kerajaan Tarumanegara menganut agama Hindu aliran Wisnu, hal ini dibuktikan dalam prasasti ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. Kebun Kopi <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Pasir Awi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Lebak <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. Tugu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Jambu <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">7. Yang tidak termasuk fakto-faktor Sriwijaya berperan sebagai kerajaan Maritim terbesar di Asia Tenggara adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">a. Letaknya strategis</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">b. Pusat agama Budha Mahayana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">c. Berhasil mengalahkan kerajaan Funan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">d. Menjadi pusat perdagangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">8. Prasasti kerajaan Sriwijaya ditulis dengan huruf dan bahasa ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">a. Pallawa dan sansekerta <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>d. Jawa Kuno dan Sanskerta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">b. Pranagari dan Jawa Kuno <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>e. Kawi dan Jawa Kuno</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">c. Pallawa dan Melayu Kuno <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">9. Perjalanan suci/Sidhayatra dilakukan oleh Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanaga tertulis dalam prasasti ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">a. Kota kapur <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Kedukan Bukit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">b. Talang Tuo <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Karang Berahi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">c. Telaga Batu <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">10. Prasasti yang tidak termasuk pembuktian kerajaan Mataram Kuno adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">a. Prasasti Canggal <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d. Prasasti Dinoyo</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Prasasti Klurak <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Prasasti Kalasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Prasasti Kedu <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">11. Perbedaan dua dinasti wangsa Sanjaya dan wangsa Syaelendra adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">12. Prasasti Kedu adalah peninggalan kerajaan Mataram pada masa pemerintahan raja </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. Sanjaya <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. Daksa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Panangkaran <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Balitung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Pikatan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">13.Raja Medang Mataram yang pernah berusaha melakukan serangan ke Sriwijaya adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. Airlangga <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. Lokapale</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Makuta Wangsawardhana <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>e. Mpu Sendok</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Dharmawangsa <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">14. Seorang Brahmana yang membagi kerajaan Airlangga adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">a. Mpu Nala <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. Mpu Gandring</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">b. Mpu Triguna <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Mpu Bharada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">c. Mpu Sendok <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">15. Kitab Gatotkacasraya adalah hasil karya sastra pada masa pemerintahan raja Kadiriya itu ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">a. Kameswara <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Kertajaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">b. Jayabaya <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. Airlangga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">c. Baweswara <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">16. Setelah pemerintahan Jayabaya yang menjadi raja Kadiri adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">a. Sarmeswara <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Gharasakar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">b. Kameswara <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>e. Bameswara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">c. Kertajaya <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">17. Sri Ranggah Bhatara Sang Amurwabhumi adalah gelar dari ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">a. Kertajaya <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. Raden Wijaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">b. Ken Arok<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>e. Ranggawuni</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">c. Anusapati <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">18. Dalam rangka menyatukan Nusantara, Kertanegara melakukan tindakan ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">a. menjalin hubungan dengan Kubilay Khan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. menyingkirkan Jayakatwang dari Kadiri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. melakukan ekspedisi Pamalayu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">d. mengirim ekpedisi Paganuyung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">e. melakukan politik perkawinan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>19. Kertanegara menganut agama ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. Hindu Syiwa <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d. Tantayana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Budha <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. Hindu Brahma</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">c. Hindu Wisnu <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">20. Perhatikan nama candi berikut ini!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">1. Candi Singosari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">2. Candi Kidel</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">3. Candi Jago</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">4. Candi Penataran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">5. Candi Simping</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="IT" style="mso-ansi-language: IT;">Candi-candi di atas yang merupakan peninggalan kerajaan Singosari adalah nomor....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. 1, 2, 3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. 1, 3, 5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. 1, 2, 4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. 3, 4, 5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. 2, 3, 4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">21. Perhatikan jenis pemberontakan berikut ini!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">1. Pemberontakan lembu sore</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">2. Pemberontakan Sadang dan Keta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">3. Pemberontakan Nambi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">4. Pemberontakan Aryawiraraja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">5. Pemberontakan Kuti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">Dari jenis pemberontakan di atas, yang terjadi pada masa Jayanegara adalah nomor....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. 1, 2, 3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. 2, 3, 4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. 1, 2, 4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. 3, 4, 5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. 1, 3, 5 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">22. Keberhasilan Gajah Mada menumpas pemberontakan Kuti maka diangkat menjadi patih ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. Daha <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. Trowulan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Kahuripan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. Antapura</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Kediri <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">23. Sumpah Palapa yang diucapkan Gajah Mada mengandung maksud ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. mempersatukan raja-raja Jawa dan Bali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. mengalahkan Pajajaran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. menguasai Semenanjung Melayu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">d. memperkuat daerah kekuasaan Majapahit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">e. mempersatukan wilayah Nusantara di bawah Majapahit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">24. Adanya toleransi kehidupan sosial masyarakat Majapahit dibuktikan melalui kitab ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. Sotasoma <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d. Negarakertagama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">b. Pararatan <span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>e. Usana Jawa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">c. Sundayana <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">25. Penyebab runtuhnya Majapahit adalah ....</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="FI" style="mso-ansi-language: FI;">a. wafatnya Gajah Mada <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d. diserang Bhre Wirabhumi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="SV" style="mso-ansi-language: SV;">b. wafatnya Hayam Wuruk <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>e. diserang Demak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-US">c. terjadinya Perang paregreg <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-7372385587439535652012-08-20T10:11:00.003+07:002012-08-20T10:21:10.701+07:00Perang Dunia II<div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="" 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" /></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB II PERANG DUNIA II</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perang Dunia II berlangsung antara 1939-1945. Perang ini merupakan perang yang paling hebat dalam sejarah manusia. Peserta Perang Dunia II terdiri dari negara Poros atau Sentral dan negara Sekutu-Komunis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebab Umum Perang Dunia II</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kegagalan LBB dalam menjalankan tugasnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
LBB bukan lagi alat untuk mencapai tujuan, tetapi menjadi alat politik negara-negara besar untuk mencari keuntungan. LBB tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa ketika negara-negara besar berbuat semaunya, misalnya pada tahun 1935 Italia melakukan serangan terhadap Ethiopia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Negara - negara maju saling berlomba memperkuat militer dan persenjataannya.<br />
Dengan kegagalan LBB tersebut, dunia Barat terutama Jerman dan Italia mencurigai komunisme Rusia, tetapi kemudian Rusia mencurigai fasisme Italia dan nasional-sosialis Jerman. Oleh karena saling mencurigai akhirnya negara-negara tersebut memperkuat militer dan pesenjataannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya pertentangan-pertentangan akibat ekspansi.<br />
Jerman mengumumkan “Lebensraum”nya (Jerman Raya) yang meliputi Eropa Tengah dan Italia menginginkan Italia Irredenta (Italia Raya) yang meliputi seluruh laut Tengah dan Abbesinea, serta Jepang mengumumkan Kemakmuran Bersama di Asia Timur Raya. Ini berarti merupakan tantangan terhadap imperialisme Inggris, Perancis, dan Amerika Serikat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jerman ingin membalas dendam atas kekalahan dalam Perang Dunia II</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adanya perlombaan senjata di antara negara-negara Eropa, seperti Inggris menciptakan Armada Udara Royal Air Force, dan Jerman membuat kapal-kapal tempur Bismark dengan peluru kendali Vergeltung (pembalasan)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Timbulnya persaingan dan pertentangan segitiga di antara negara-negara fasis, liberalis, dan komunis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jerman tidak mengakui Perjanjian Versailles. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya politik balas dendam (“Revanche Idea”) Jerman terhadap Perancis, karena Jerman merasa dihina dengan Perjanjian Versailles.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya pertentangan faham demokrasi, fasisme dan komunisme.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Benito Mussolini di Italia mempelopori gerakan fasvio de combatimento, dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cita-cita membentuk Italia Raya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adolf Hitler, Jerman. Membentuk NAZI.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tenno Meiji, Jepang. Fasis Militer. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebab Khusus perang Dunia II</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Serangan Jerman atas Polandia pada tanggal 1 september 1939, mengawali pertempuran di Front Eropa dan Afrika Utara. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alasannya karena Polandia tidak mau menyerahkan Kota Danzig yang sebagian penduduknya berbangsa jerman kepada Jerman. Polandia yang netral di bela Inggris dan Prancis. Kedua negara ini menyatakan perang terhadap Jerman. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Serangan Jepang atas pangkalan Angkatan laut Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, pada tanggal 7 Desember 1941, mengawali pertempuran di front Pasifik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peserta Perang Dunia II</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -55.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Blok Poros/Sentral/Fasis<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Jerman, Jepang dan Italia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: -27.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -55.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Blok sekutu dan Komunis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: USA, Inggris, Perancis, Uni Soviet, Rusia, RRC dan Australia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 16.5pt; margin-right: -27.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jalannya Perang Dunia II</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perang Dunia II berlangsung dalam beberapa medan (front) berikut ini.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Front Timur (Rusia) berlangsung tahun1939-1944 antaraJerman, Finlandia, dan Rumania melawan Polandia, Rusia, Eslandia, Lithuania, Ukraina, dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Front Barat (Eropa) berlangsung Tahun 1939-1945 antara Jerman dan Italia melawan Perancis, Denmark, Norwegia, Belanda, Belgia, Luksemburg, dan lain-lain. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada tanggal 1 September 1939 Jerman menyerang Polandia. Inggris dan Perancis mengumumkan perang kepada Jerman. Inilah sebagai awal meletusnya Perang Dunia II. Pada tanggal 9 April 1940 Jerman melakukan serangan ke utara yakni ke Denmark dan Norwergia. Kedua negara ini dapat diduduki Jerman. Pada bulan Mei 1940 Belanda dapat diduduki Jerman sehingga Ratu Wilhelmina mengungsi ke Inggris. Pada tanggal 10 Juni 1940 Italia mengumumkan perang kepada Perancis dan Inggris, dilanjutkan menyerbu Perancis. Pada bulan Juni 1940 pasukan Jerman bergerak menuju Perancis dan dapat mendudukinya. Tentara Perancis di bawah pimpinan Charles de Gaulle mengungsi ke Inggris. Kekuatan dua negara fasis Jerman dan Italia semakin mantap. Angkatan Udara Jerman menyerbu Inggris tetapi usahanya gagal kemudian beralih dengan pengeboman-pengeboman dan serangan laut ke arah Angkatan Laut Inggris. Pada tanggal 27 September 1940 Jerman, Italia, dan Jepang bersatu dalam Perjanjian Tiga Negara. Pada tanggal 22 Juni 1941 dengan bantuan Finlandia dan Rumania, Jerman menyerbu Rusia. Padahal selama 18 bulan sebelumnya Hitler telah mengadakan perjanjian dengan Uni Soviet tidak akan saling menyerang. Bagaimana menurut pendapat anda tentang tindakan Hitler ini?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fron Afrika (Balkan) berlangsung tahun 1940-1943 antara Jerman Italia melawan Inggris, Ethiopia, Mesir, dan lain-lain. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tentara Jerman menyerbu Balkan sampai di Kreta. Rumania dan Bulgaria memihak kepada Jerman. Inggris dapat memukul mundur tentara Italia di Afrika Utara. Serangan Sekutu terhadap Blok Sentral pada tanggal 23 Oktober 1942 di Afrika Utara dipusatkan di El Alamien, Mesir. Tentara Jerman di bawah Jenderal Erwin Rommel menyerbu Afrika dan menghantam Inggris sampai di muka Alexandria. Serangan Jerman ke Afrika Utara dapat ditahan oleh Inggris di bawah pimpinan Montgomery dan Amerika Serikat di bawah Eisenhower pada tanggal 12 November 1942. Datangnya bantuan pasukan Amerika Serikat membuat pertahanan Jerman semakin rapuh. Sejak 19 November 1942 Jerman kalah melawan Rusia dalam pertempuran di Stalingrad. Kemudian Rusia menyerbu Polandia dan Balkan. Rumania dan Bulgaria menyerah. Hongaria juga menyerah pada tanggal 13 Februari 1945. Tentara Rusia di bawah Zhukov berhasil menyerbu Berlin. Berlin diduduki Sekutu dari segala arah. Pertempuran hebat terjadi di dalam kota Berlin, dan Berlin dapat direbut oleh Sekutu. Pada tanggal 30 April 1945 Hitler bunuh diri. Pada tanggal 7 Mei 1945 Jerman menyerah kepada Sekutu tanpa syarat di Reims, Perancis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Front Asia-Pasifik berlangsung tahun 1941-1945 antara Jerman melawan Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Belanda, dan RRC. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perang di medan Asia Pasifik diawali dengan penyerbuan pangkalan Armada Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbour, Hawai pada tanggal 7 Desember 1941 oleh Jepang. Perang Dunia II di medan Asia Pasifik sering disebut Perang Asia Timur Raya, karena Jepang selalu mempropagandakan bahwa peperangan yang dilakukan bertujuan mewujudkan kemakmuran bersama di kawasan Asia Timur Raya.<br />
Dalam serangan Jepang pada tanggal 7 Desember 1941 menewaskan kurang lebih 2.330 tentara Amerika Serikat dan 100 orang sipil di samping menghancurkan peralatan perang Amerika Serikat. Jepang menyatakan perang terhadap Amerika Serikat dan sekutu-sekutunya. Serbuan Jepang dilanjutkan ke negara-negara di Asia Tenggara dengan menduduki Muangthai, Birma (Myanmar), Malaysia, dan Hindia Belanda (nama Indonesia waktu itu). Untuk membalas serangan-serangan Jepang, Sekutu menyusun taktik serangan dari pulau satu ke pulau lain atau sistem katak loncat. Strategi ini dipimpin oleh Jendral Dauglas Mac Arthur dan Laksamana Chester Nimitz. Tentara Jepang di Laut Karang dan Midway (7 Mei 1942) dihancurkan oleh Sekutu. Inilah titik balik pertama. Dalam pertempuran-pertempuran berikutnya Amerika Serikat dapat merebut Filipina (22 Oktober1944), Iwo Jima (17 Maret 1945), Okinawa (21 Juni 1945). Kemudian Inggris di bawah Lord Louis Mauntbatten menyerbu Birma (Myanmar) dan menghancurkan tentara Jepang (30 April 1945). Dari Saipan dan Okinawa Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat menyerang kota-kota Jepang, tetapi Jepang belum menyerah. Akhirnya pada tanggal 6 Agustus 1945 Hiroshima dijatuhi bom atom dilanjutkan tanggal 9 Agustus 1945 di Nagasaki. Jepang menyerah tanpa syarat kepada Sekutu tanggal 14 Agustus 1945 (secara resmi 2 September 1945 di atas kapal “Missouri” di Teluk Tokio). Dengan demikian berakhirlah Perang Dunia II karena Jepang beserta negara-negara pendukungnya menyerah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perjanjian-Perjanjian Damai Pada Perang Dunia II</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perang Dunia II berakhir pada tahun 1945 dengan kemenangan pada blok Sekutu-Komunis. Seusai perang, dilaksanakan perjanjian damai sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 38.5pt; text-indent: -55.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Konferensi Postdam (2 Agustus 1945) Antara Sekutu dan Jerman</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konferensi ini diadakan antara Sekutu dengan Jerman yang dihadiri oleh Thruman, Stalin, dan Attlee. Konferensi ini menghasilkan keputusan sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berikut: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jerman dibagi dalam 4 daerah pendudukan yakni bagian timur oleh Rusia, bagian barat oleh Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Perancis. Kota Berlin yang terletak di tengah-tengah daerah pendudukan Rusia, dibagi 4 bagian yakni Berlin Barat (Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Perancis) Berlin Timur (Rusia).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Danzig dan daerah Jerman sebelah timur Sungai Oder dan Neisse diberikan kepada Polandia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Angkatan Perang Jerman harus dikurangi jumlah tentara dan peralatan militernya (demiliterisasi).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penjahat perang, yakni tokoh-tokoh NAZI harus dihukum di bawah pengawasan internasional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jerman harus membayar kerugian perang kepada Sekutu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -55.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perjanjian San Fransisco (8 September 1951) Antara Sekutu dan Jepang</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perjanjian ini diadakan antara Sekutu dengan Jepang pada tahun 1945 dan dibuat di Jepang. Pada mulanya perjanjian ini hanya bersifat sementara. Kemudian Perjanjian San Fransisco disahkan pada tanggal 8 September 1951. Rusia tidak ikut menandatangani perjanjian ini sehingga tidak mengakuinya. Perjanjian ini berisi:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kepulauan Jepang di bawah pengawasan Amerika Serikat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kepulauan Kurile dan Sakhalin Selatan diberikan kepada Rusia. Sedangkan Mantsyuria dan Taiwan diberikan kepada Tiongkok.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tokoh-tokoh fasis diadili sebagai penjahat perang dan harus dihukum di bawah pengawasan internasional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jepang harus membayar kerugian perang kepada Sekutu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -27.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertemuan di Kapal Missouri-Amerika Serikat (2 September 1945), di Teluk Tokyo, menghasilkan penyerahan Jepang kepada Sekutu.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 11.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -33.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perdamain Paris (Februari 1947), antara sekutu dengan Italia. Berisi hal-hal sebagai berikut:</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -53.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daerah Italia dipersempit.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -53.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Triest menjadi daerah merdeka di bawah pemerintahan PBB.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -53.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ethiopia dan Albania bebas dari kekuasaan Italia.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -53.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua jajahan Italia di Afrika Utara diambil oleh Inggris.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -53.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Italia harus membayar kerugian perang.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akibat Perang Dunia II</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Seperti Perang Dunia I, Perang Dunia II pun membawa akibat besar bagi dunia di bidang politik, ekonomi dan sosial.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -37.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bidang Politik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akibat yang muncul di bidang politik setelah Perang Dunia II berakhir sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tampil dua negara adikuasa (superpower) yaitu Amerika Serikat dan Rusia (Uni Soviet) sebagai pemenang dalam Perang Dunia II. Masing-masing menjadi kutub politik dunia. Amerika Serikat menjadi poros demokrasi Liberal, sedangkan Rusia (Uni Soviet) menjadi poros komunisme.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadinya perebutan pengaruh antara Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet yang menimbulkan Perang Dingin (the cold war). Jika keduanya berimbang terjadi keseimbangan kekuatan (Balance of Power Policy), walaupun perdamaian diliputi ketakutan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nasionalisme di Asia berkobar dan timbul negara-negara merdeka seperti Indonesia (17 Agustus 1945),Filipina (4 Juli 1946), India dan Pakistan Dominion (15 Agustus 1947) dan India merdeka penuh 26 Januari 1950, Birma (4 Januari 1948), dan Ceylon (dominion 4 Februari 1948).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Munculnya politik mencari kawan atau aliansi yang dibentuk berdasarkan kepentingan keamanan bersama, misalnya NATO (North Atalantic Treaty Organization) adalah pakta pertahanan bentukan Amerika Serikat. Sedangkan pakta pertahanan bentukan Rusia (Uni Soviet) adalah Pakta Warsawa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Munculnya politik memecah belah negara, misalnya:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 88.0pt; text-indent: -54.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jerman dibagi menjadi dua negara, yaitu Jerman Barat dan Jerman Timur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 88.0pt; text-indent: -54.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Korea dibagi menjadi dua negara, yaitu Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 88.0pt; text-indent: -54.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indo-Cina dibagi menjadi tiga negara, yaitu Laos, Kamboja, dan Indo-Cina.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 88.0pt; text-indent: -54.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">India dibagi menjadi dua negara, yaitu India dan Pakistan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 71.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Munculnya negara-negara merdeka di Asia, seperti Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Srilanka dan Filipina.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -22.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bidang Ekonomi</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 15.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perang Dunia II menghancurkan perekonomian negara-negara di dunia kecuali Amerika Serikat. Amerika Serikat menjadi pusat kekayaan dan kreditur dari seluruh dunia. Untuk menanamkan pengaruhnya di negara-negara Eropa dan yang lain, Amerika Serikat melaksanakan program. Misalnya Truman Doctrine (1947), Marshall Plan (1947), Point Four Truman dan Colombo Plan. Program-program ini merupakan usaha untuk membendung berkembangnya komunisme.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -37.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bidang Sosial</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 55.0pt; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk membantu penduduk yang menderita akibat korban Perang Dunia II PBB membentuk UNRRA (United Nations Relief Rehabilitation Administration). Tugas UNRRA di antaranya sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -65.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi makan kepada orang-orang yang terlantar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -65.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mendirikan rumah sakit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -65.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengurus pengungsi dan menyatukan dengan keluarganya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 120.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -65.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengerjakan kembali tanah yang rusak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Timbul inisiatif mendirikan lembaga internasional yang memiliki wibawa dalam memelihara perdamaian dunia. Inisiatif itu datang dari Franklin Delano Roosevelt (AS) yang diteruskan oleh penggantinya Harry S. Truman, Winston Churchill (Inggris), dan Joseph Stalin (Uni Soviet). Inisiatif ini terlaksana dengan berdirinya United Nations atau Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -15.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidang Kerohanian</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 17.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap manusia menginginkan perdamaian. Berbagai upaya dilakukan agar tercipta perdamaian dengan membentuk lembaga perdamaian. Penderitaan yang ditimbulkan akibat Perang Dunia II menyadarkan manusia akan akibat buruk perang. Penduduk dunia menyadari perlunya lembaga yang dapat menjaga perdamaian dunia setelah Liga Bangsa-Bangsa dibubarkan. Pada tanggal 24 Oktober 1945 didirikan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa atau United Nations Organization (UNO). Lembaga ini diharapkan dapat menjaga perdamaian dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 55.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 17.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 16.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -16.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terbentuknya PBB</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Berawal dari gagasan para pemimpin negara untuk menyelamatkan dunia dari bencana perang dan mewujudkan perdamaian dunia yang abadi, Roosevelt (Presiden Amerika Serikat) dan Winston Churchill (Perdana Menteri Inggris) melakukan perundingan pada 14 Agustus 1941. Perundingan yang dilakukan di atas kapal Augusta milik Amerika Serikat menyepakati <i>Atlantic Charter </i>yang berisi hak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri dan mengimbau setiap persengketaan diselesaikan melalui meja perundingan.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Sebagai kelanjutan <i>Atlantic Charter</i>, diadakan Konferensi Yalta di Semenanjung Krim pada 22 Februari 1945. Pertemuan tersebut dihadiri oleh Roosevelt, Churchill, dan Josefh Stalin (Presiden Rusia). Hasil pertemuan menghasilkan Rumus Yalta (<i>Yallta Formula</i>). Sesuai dengan hasil Konferensi Yalta, pada 25 April–26 Juni 1945, dilaksanakan konferensi di San Fransisco yang menghasilkan <i>Charter for Peace</i> (Piagam Perdamaian). Piagam tersebut menandai lahirnya sekaligus menjadi landasan kegiatan Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa (PBB). Setelah disetujui oleh anggota-anggotanya pada 24 Oktober 1945, piagam tersebut secara resmi mulai diberlakukan dan 24 Oktober 1945 ditetapkan sebagai hari lahirnya PBB.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Tujuan didirikannya Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><br />
</div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">memelihara perdamaian dan keamanan internasional;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">mengembangkan hubungan persaudaraan antarbangsa;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">mengadakan kerja sama internasional dalam bidang ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan keamanan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">sebagai pusat penyelarasan segala tindakan bersama terhadap negara yang membahayakan perdamaian dunia.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -40.2pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Asas Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">semua anggota mempunyai persamaan derajat dan kedaulatan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">setiap anggota akan menyelesaikan segala persengketaan dengan jalan damai tanpa membahayakan perdamaian, keamanan, dan keadilan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">setiap anggota akan memberikan bantuan kepada PBB sesuai dengan Piagam PBB;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">PBB tidak boleh mencampuri urusan dalam negeri negara lain.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-12625712647718674972012-08-20T10:09:00.001+07:002012-08-20T10:21:31.946+07:00Perang Dunia I<div style="text-align: center;"><img 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" 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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I PERANG DUNIA I</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perang Dunia I terjadi antara tahun 1914-1918. Merupakan perang kekuatan bersenjata dunia. Perang tersebut merupakan perang terbesar dibandingkan dengan perang yang pernah ada sebelumnya. Perang tersebut diawali dengan persaingan antar negara Eropa dalam memperebutkan pengaruh demi kepentingan ekonomi dan politik. Perang Dunia I mempunyai sebab yang dapat dibagi menjadi sebab umum dan sebab khusus.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebab Umum Perang Dunia I</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pertentangan antarnegara Eropa, yaitu antara Jerman dan Perancis, Jerman dan Inggris, Jerman dan Rusia serta Rusia dan Austria.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Muncul persekutuan antarnegara Eropa. Eropa terbagi menjadi dua blok, yaitu blok Jerman/Sentral (Triple alliance), terdiri dari Jerman, Italia dan Austria-Hongaria, yang didirikan pada tahun 1882, tetapi Italia keluar karena bentrok dengan Austria-Hongaria. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dan blok Prancis/sekutu (Triple Entente) yang didirikan pada tahun 1907, terdiri dari Prancis, Rusia, Inggris, dan 20 negara lainnya termasuk USA yang terpaksa ikut karena kapal dagangnya di serang torpedo oleh Jerman. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Politik kolonialisme dan imperialisme</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kemajuan industri</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perlombaan senjata di Eropa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebab Khusus Perang Dunia I</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebab khusus Perang Dunia I adalah Terbunuhnya Putra Mahkota Austria, Frans Ferdinand di Sarajevo-Bosnia oleh Gavrilo Princip, anggota Serbia raya pada tanggal 28 Juni 1914.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Austria mengeluarkan ultimatum kepada Serbia, disusul dengan pernyataan perang pada tanggal 28 Juli 1914. Serangan ini dianggap sebagai awal Perang Dunia I. Pada tanggal 1 Agustus 1914, Jerman mengumumkan perang terhadap Rusia dan Prancis, serangan pertama Jerman adalah Belgia. Pada tanggal 4 Agustus 1914, Inggris tampil membantu Belgia dan Prancis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jalannya Perang Dunia I</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perang Dunia I berkecamuk di Eropa, Afrika dan Asia Pasifik, yang terbagi menjad medan (front) pertempuran sebagai berikut ini :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Front Barat, merupakan daerah pertempuran antara jerman melawan Belgia dan Prancis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Front Timur, merupakan daerah pertempuran antara Rusia melawan Austria-Hongaria dan Prusia Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Front Selatan, merupakan daerah pertempuran antara Italia melawan Austria-Hongaria dan Jerman.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Front Balkan dan Timur Tengah, merupakan daerah pertempuran negara Austria-Hongaria, Inggris, Turki, Yunani, Bulgaria, Syria dan Mesir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Front Asia Pasifik, merupakan daerah pertempuran Jerman dan Jepang yang dibantu oleh negara-negara Asia Pasifik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perang Dunia I dimenangkan oleh Blok Prancis/Sekutu (Triple Entente).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perjanjian-Perjanjian Damai Pada Perang Dunia I</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perjanjian Versailles (tanggal 28 Juni 1919) antara Sekutu dengan jerman.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sesudah gencatan senjata diumumkan, para tokoh sekutu berundingdi paris untuk menyusun syarat perjanjian yang akan diajukan kepada Jerman. Empat tokoh yang merancang perjanjian tersebut adalah Woodrow Wilson (AS), Lloyd George (Inggris), Georges Clemenceau (Prancis), dan Vittorio Orlando (Inggris). Perundingan itu melahirkan perjanjian Versailles pada tahun 1919.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Isi Perjanjian Versailles :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jerman harus menyerahkan kembali daerah yang dikuasai selama perang kepada para pemiliknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jerman harus menanggung seluruh biaya ganti rugi perang sebesar 132 miliar mark.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Angkatan perang Jerman harus diperkecil, batas maksimal pasukannya hanya berjumlah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100.000 orang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kapal-kapal dagang Jerman diserahkan kepada Inggris sebagai pembayaran kerugian perang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wilayah jerman di sebelah barat sungai Rhein (Rheinland) diduduki pasukan Sekutu sebagai jaminan selama 15 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Jerman kehilangan semua daerah jajahannya dan diserahkan kepada Inggris, Prancis, dan Jepang.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Danzig menjadi kota merdeka di bawah mandat Liga Bangsa-Bangsa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perjanjian St. German (tanggal 10 November 1919) antara Austria dengan Sekutu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Isi Perjanjian Saint-German :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 144.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tidak ada gabungan Jerman-Austria.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 144.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Austria menyerahkan Tirol Selatan kepada Italia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perjanjian Neuilly (tanggal 27 November 1919) antara Sekutu dengan Bulgaria.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perjanjian Trianon (tanggal 4 Juni 1920) antara Sekutu dengan Hongaria.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perjanjian Serves (tanggal 20 Agustus 1920) antara Sekutu dengaurki.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Isi Perjanjian Serves :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 144.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wilayah Turki diperkecil hanya Konstantinopel saja.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 144.0pt; text-indent: -108.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Daerah yang penduduknya bukan bangsa Turki harus dibebaskan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 54.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perjanjian Laussane (tanggal 24 Juli 1923) adalah pembaharuan perjanjian Serves.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -72.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Isi Perjanjian Laussane :</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Turki tidak usah membayar kerugian perang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 54.0pt list 72.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Turki tidak usah mengurangi angkatan perangnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akibat Perang Dunia I</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bidang Politik</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wilayah negara yang kalah perang semakin sempit, sedangkan wilayah negara pemenang perang semakin luas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tenggelamnya empat kekaisaran besar di Eropa menjadi negara-negara republik, yaitu jerman, Austria-Hongaria, Rusia, dan Turki.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di Eropa Timur timbul negara-negara baru, seperti Polandia, Cekoslowakia, Yugoslavia, dan Hongaria. Di Timur Tengah timbul negara-negara baru, seperti Irak, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yordania, Syria, dan Mesir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lahirnya Liga Bangsa-Bangsa ( LBB) yang diprakarsai oleh Presiden Amerika Serikat, Woodrow Wilson.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegagalan Liberalisme mengatasi kekacauan dan kesulitan akibat perang mengakibatkan timbulnya totalitarianisme di berbagai negara. Di Italia lahir Fasisme, di Jerman lahir Nazisme, di jepang timbul militerisme, dan di Rusia timbul komunisme.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bidang Sosial</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Negara-negara Eropa banyak kehilangan pemuda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Peranan perempuan meningkat, menggantikan generasi muda yang gugur dalam perang. Setelah perang tuntutan emansipasi wanita semakin kuat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perang Dunia I yang berlangsung selama 4 tahun, telah menelan banyak korban, baik yang tewas, luka-luka, ditahan atau hilang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -54.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bidang Ekonomi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hancurnya saran fisik dan non fisik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hancurnya pusat-pusat industri di eropa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: -16.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Rusaknya daerah pertanian yang mengakibatkan timbulnya kelaparan yang hebat di Rusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terjadinya krisis malaise pada tahun 1929, yakni krisis ekonomi dunia yang diawali hancurnya sektor-sektor ekonomi Amerika Serikat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Tugas : Aktivitas Sosial</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Perang merupakan situasi yang tidak menyenangkan. Bagaimanakah sikapmu jika Indonesia telibat Perang Dunia? Apa yang akan kamu</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">lakukan? Tuliskan alasanmu berdasarkan sikap yang kamu pilih.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
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</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-79019221112156472862012-08-20T10:07:00.000+07:002012-08-20T10:07:23.555+07:00Ringkasan Materi PD I dan II <br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BAB 1 Perang dunia I dan II</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ringkasan materi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perang dunia I terjadi pada tahun <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">1914–1918.</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebab umum Perang dunia I :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Adanya pertentangan antara negara-negara Eropa, seperti :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jerman dengan Perancis, penyebab pertentangan karena Perancis ingin melakukan politik <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Kevanche</u></i></b>, Perancis balas dendam terhadap Jerman atas kekalahannya pada perang tahun 1870–1871.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jerman dengan Inggris, penyebab pertentangan karena Inggris merasa tersaingi oleh Jerman dalam bidang industri, daerah jajahan dan pembangunan Angkatan laut yang dilakukan oleh Jerman.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jerman dengan Rusia, penyebab pertentangan karena jerman dianggap menghalangi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Politik Air hangat Rusia</u></i></b> yang akan menerobos ke laut tengah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Adanya politik persekutuan/system of alliances antarnegara Eropa, seperti :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Triple alliance</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, blok Jerman atau Sentral berdiri tahun 1882 dengan anggotanya adalah Jerman, Austria-Hongaria, dan Italia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Triple Entente</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, blok Perancis atau sekutu berdiri tahun 1907 dengan anggotanya adalah perancis, Inggris, dan rusia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perlombaan senjata di Eropa, yang timbul akibat adanya politik persekutuan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: -16.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebab khusus Perang Dunia I adalah karena Terbunuhnya Putra Mahkota Austria, Frans Ferdinand di Sarajevo-Bosnia oleh Gabriell Princip, anggota Serbia raya pada tanggal 28 Juni 1914.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jalannya Perang Dunia I.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perang Dunia I berkecamuk di Eropa, Afrika dan Asia Pasifik, yang terbagi menjadi medan (front) pertempuran sebagai berikut ini :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Front Barat, merupakan daerah pertempuran antara jerman melawan Belgia dan Prancis, yang terkenal dengan pertempuran Somme. Pertempuran ini terjadi dekat perbatasan Belgia-Perancis di bulan Juli-November 1916. Dalam pertempuran tersebut, lebih dari 600.000 prajurit sekutu dan 650.000 prajurit Jerman terbunuh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Front Timur, merupakan daerah pertempuran antara Rusia melawan Austria-Hongaria dan Prusia Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Front Selatan, merupakan daerah pertempuran antara Italia melawan Austria-Hongaria dan Jerman.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Front Balkan dan Timur Tengah, merupakan daerah pertempuran negara Austria-Hongaria, Inggris, Turki, Yunani, Bulgaria, Syria dan Mesir.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Front Asia Pasifik, merupakan daerah pertempuran Jerman dan Jepang yang dibantu oleh negara-negara Asia Pasifik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perang Dunia I berakhir dengan kemenangan di pihak <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sekutu</b> dengan Perjanjian <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Versailes</b> (tanggal 28 Juni 1919) antara Sekutu dengan jerman. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Isi Perjanjian Versailles :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jerman harus menyerahkan kembali daerah yang dikuasai selama perang kepada para pemiliknya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jerman harus menanggung seluruh biaya ganti rugi perang sebesar 132 miliar mark.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Angkatan perang Jerman harus diperkecil, batas maksimal pasukannya hanya berjumlah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100.000 orang</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kapal-kapal dagang Jerman diserahkan kepada Inggris sebagai pembayaran kerugian perang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Wilayah jerman di sebelah barat sungai Rhein (Rheinland) diduduki pasukan Sekutu sebagai jaminan selama 15 tahun.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jerman kehilangan semua daerah jajahannya dan diserahkan kepada Inggris, Prancis, dan Jepang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Danzig menjadikotamerdeka di bawahmandatLigaBangsa-Bangsa.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dampak Perang Dunia I</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #D9D9D9; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 151.3pt;" valign="top" width="202"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bidang Politik</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bidang Sosial</span></b></div></td> <td style="background: #D9D9D9; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 217; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bidang Ekonomi</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 151.3pt;" valign="top" width="202"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Wilayah negara yang kalah perang semakin sempit, sedangkan wilayah negara pemenang perang semakin luas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Tenggelamnya empat kekaisaran besar di Eropa menjadi negara-negara republik, yaitu jerman, Austria-Hongaria, Rusia, dan Turki.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Di Eropa Timur timbul negara-negara baru, seperti Polandia, Cekoslowakia, Yugoslavia, dan Hongaria. Di Timur Tengah timbul negara-negara baru, seperti Irak, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yordania, Syria, dan Mesir.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lahirnya Liga Bangsa-Bangsa ( LBB) yang diprakarsai oleh Presiden Amerika Serikat, Woodrow Wilson.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Kegagalan Liberalisme mengatasi kekacauan dan kesulitan akibat perang mengakibatkan timbulnya totalitarianisme di berbagai negara. Di Italia lahir Fasisme, di Jerman lahir Nazisme, di jepang timbul militerisme, dan di Rusia timbul komunisme.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Negara-negara Eropa banyak kehilangan pemuda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Peranan perempuan meningkat, menggantikan generasi muda yang gugur dalam perang. Setelah perang tuntutan emansipasi wanita semakin kuat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Perang Dunia I yang berlangsung selama 4 tahun, telah menelan banyak korban, baik yang tewas, luka-luka, ditahan atau hilang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 142.05pt;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hancurnya saran fisik dan non fisik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Hancurnya pusat-pusat industri di eropa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: -16.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rusaknya daerah pertanian yang mengakibatkan timbulnya kelaparan yang hebat di Rusia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Terjadinya krisis malaise pada tahun 1929, yakni krisis ekonomi dunia yang diawali hancurnya sektor-sektor ekonomi Amerika Serikat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebab-sebab kekalahan Jerman dan negara-negara pendukungnya adalah ;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bergabungnya Italia denganpihakInggris, Rusia, Perancis</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">tahun </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1915</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Terlibatnya A</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">merika </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">S</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">erikat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">membantusekutu</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">tahun </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1917</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -9.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blokadesekutuygsangatketat, pengorganisasiankekuatanyglebihbesardenganpihak AS.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Terjadinyagerakansosial di Jermandan Austria-Hongariaygbosandenganpeperangan</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Latar belakang berdirinya LBB untuk menciptakan perdamaian yang abadi dengan melenyapkan perang dari muka bumi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Liga Bangsa-Bangsa (League of Nations) secara resmi berdiri pada tanggal <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">10 Januari 1920</b> atas gagasan dari presiden USA yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Woodrow Wilson</b>. Beliau mengusulkan suatu konsep perdamaian yang disebut dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">“Peace Without Victory”</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada awal berdirinya LBB mempunyai anggota <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">24</b> negara selanjutnya berkembang menjadi <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">60</b> negara dengan berkedudukan di <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jenewa, Swiss</b>.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sifat keanggotaan LBB adalah sukarela dan tidak mengikat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam susunan organisasi, LBB mempunyai empat badan utama yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sidang umum (the council)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Skretariat tetap (the secretary)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dewan khusus, dan</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mahkamah Internasional (the world court)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tujuan Liga Bangsa-bangsa :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menjamin perdamaian dunia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menghindari terjadinya perang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -30.65pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengadakan diplomasi terbuka dan menaati hukum internasional dan perjanjian internasional.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebab-sebab kegagalan LBB :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tidak adanya peraturan-peraturan yang mengikat, semuanya dilakukan secara sukarela.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tidak mempunyai alat kekuasaan yang nyata untuk menindak setiap negara yang melanggar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Terlalu lemah terhadap negara-negara besar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Adanya pergeseran tujuan dari masalah perdamaian ke masalah politik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perang Dunia II terjadi pada tahun 1939-1945.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebab umum Perang Dunia II :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pertentangan paham (liberalisme dan totaliterisme)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Penganut liberalisme : Inggris, Perancis, dan Amerika Serikat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Penganut totaliterisme : Jerman, Italia, dan Jepang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Politik aliansi (persekutuan mencari kawan)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blok As/Fasis <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Sentral/Poros) : Jerman, Jepang, dan Itali (negara Totaliterisme.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -16.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Blok Sekutu/Komunis : Perancis, Inggris, Rusia, Amerika, Australia, RRC, Uni Soviet, dan lain-lain.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Semangat untuk balas dendam (Revanche Ide).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perlombaan Senjata.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pertentangan antanegara imperialisme</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kegagalan Liga Bangsa-bangsa</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">LBB tidak mampu menghadapi negara-negara besar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebab khusus Perang Dunia II :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tanggal 1 September 1933<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengawali pertempuran di Front Eropa dan Afrika Utara, karena adanya serangan Jerman atas Polandia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Serangan Jepang ke pangkalan AL Amerika Serikat di Pearl Harbour Hawaii pada tanggal 7 Desember 1941 mengawali Front Pasifik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Periodisasi (tahap-tahap perang)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tahun 1939-1942<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: tahap (periode) awal, blok As memperoleh kemenangan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tahun 1942<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: merupakan titik balik (turning point).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tahun 1943-1945<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: periode akhir, dengan kemengan di pihak Sekutu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dampak perang Dunia II</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 595px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bidang Politik</span></div></td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bidang Ekonomi</span></div></td> <td style="background: #BFBFBF; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bidang Sosial</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 155.9pt;" valign="top" width="208"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tampil dua negara adikuasa (superpower) yaitu Amerika Serikat dan Rusia (Uni Soviet) sebagai pemenang dalam Perang Dunia II. Masing-masing menjadi kutub politik dunia. Amerika Serikat menjadi poros demokrasi Liberal, sedangkan Rusia (Uni Soviet) menjadi poros komunisme.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadinya perebutan pengaruh antara Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet yang menimbulkan Perang Dingin (the cold war). Jika keduanya berimbang terjadi keseimbangan kekuatan (Balance of Power Policy), walaupun perdamaian diliputi ketakutan.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nasionalisme di Asia berkobar dan timbul negara-negara merdeka seperti Indonesia (17 Agustus 1945),Filipina (4 Juli 1946), India dan Pakistan Dominion (15 Agustus 1947) dan India merdeka penuh 26 Januari 1950, Birma (4 Januari 1948), dan Ceylon (dominion 4 Februari 1948).</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Munculnya politik mencari kawan atau aliansi yang dibentuk berdasarkan kepentingan keamanan bersama, misalnya NATO (North Atalantic Treaty Organization) adalah pakta pertahanan bentukan Amerika Serikat. Sedangkan pakta pertahanan bentukan Rusia (Uni Soviet) adalah Pakta Warsawa.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Munculnya politik memecah belah negara, misalnya:</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jerman dibagi menjadi dua negara, yaitu Jerman Barat dan Jerman Timur.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Korea dibagi menjadi dua negara, yaitu Korea Selatan dan Korea Utara.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indo-Cina dibagi menjadi tiga negara, yaitu Laos, Kamboja, dan Indo-Cina.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">India dibagi menjadi dua negara, yaitu India dan Pakistan.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Munculnya negara-negara merdeka di Asia, seperti Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Srilanka dan Filipina.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> <br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perang Dunia II menghancurkan perekonomian negara-negara di dunia kecuali Amerika Serikat. Amerika Serikat menjadi pusat kekayaan dan kreditur dari seluruh dunia. Untuk menanamkan pengaruhnya di negara-negara Eropa dan yang lain, Amerika Serikat melaksanakan program. Misalnya Truman Doctrine (1947), Marshall Plan (1947), Point Four Truman dan Colombo Plan. Program-program ini merupakan usaha untuk membendung berkembangnya komunisme.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.85pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 12.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -12.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk membantu penduduk yang menderita akibat korban Perang Dunia II PBB membentuk UNRRA (United Nations Relief Rehabilitation Administration). Tugas UNRRA di antaranya sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -13.9pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memberi makan kepada orang-orang yang terlantar.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -13.9pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mendirikan rumah sakit.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -13.9pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengurus pengungsi dan menyatukan dengan keluarganya.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 28.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -13.9pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengerjakan kembali tanah yang rusak.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -7.1pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Timbul inisiatif mendirikan lembaga internasional yang memiliki wibawa dalam memelihara perdamaian dunia. Inisiatif itu datang dari Franklin Delano Roosevelt (AS) yang diteruskan oleh penggantinya Harry S. Truman, Winston Churchill (Inggris), dan Joseph Stalin (Uni Soviet). Inisiatif ini terlaksana dengan berdirinya United Nations atau Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Konferensi Postdam (2 Agustus 1945) Antara Sekutu dan Jerman</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konferensi ini diadakan antara Sekutu dengan Jerman yang dihadiri oleh Thruman, Stalin, dan Attlee. Konferensi ini menghasilkan keputusan sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berikut: </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jerman dibagi dalam 4 daerah pendudukan yakni bagian timur oleh Rusia, bagian barat oleh Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Perancis. Kota Berlin yang terletak di tengah-tengah daerah pendudukan Rusia, dibagi 4 bagian yakni Berlin Barat (Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Perancis) Berlin Timur (Rusia).</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Danzig dan daerah Jerman sebelah timur Sungai Oder dan Neisse diberikan kepada Polandia.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Angkatan Perang Jerman harus dikurangi jumlah tentara dan peralatan militernya (demiliterisasi).</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penjahat perang, yakni tokoh-tokoh NAZI harus dihukum di bawah pengawasan internasional.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jerman harus membayar kerugian perang kepada Sekutu.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perjanjian San Fransisco (8 September 1951) Antara Sekutu dan Jepang</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perjanjian ini diadakan antara Sekutu dengan Jepang pada tahun 1945 dan dibuat di Jepang. Pada mulanya perjanjian ini hanya bersifat sementara. Kemudian Perjanjian San Fransisco disahkan pada tanggal 8 September 1951. Rusia tidak ikut menandatangani perjanjian ini sehingga tidak mengakuinya. Perjanjian ini berisi:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kepulauan Jepang di bawah pengawasan Amerika Serikat.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kepulauan Kurile dan Sakhalin Selatan diberikan kepada Rusia. Sedangkan Mantsyuria dan Taiwan diberikan kepada Tiongkok.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tokoh-tokoh fasis diadili sebagai penjahat perang dan harus dihukum di bawah pengawasan internasional.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jepang harus membayar kerugian perang kepada Sekutu.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: maroon; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: maroon; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terbentuknya PBB</span><span style="color: maroon; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Berawaldarigagasanparapemimpinnegarauntukmenyelamatkanduniadaribencanaperangdanmewujudkanperdamaiandunia yang abadi, Roosevelt (PresidenAmerikaSerikat) dan Winston Churchill (PerdanaMenteriInggris) melakukanperundinganpada 14 Agustus 1941.Perundingan yang dilakukan di ataskapal Augusta milikAmerikaSerikatmenyepakati<i>Atlantic Charter </i>yang berisihakuntukmenentukannasibsendiridanmengimbausetiappersengketaandiselesaikanmelaluimejaperundingan.</span><span style="color: maroon; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Sebagaikelanjutan<i>Atlantic Charter</i>, diadakanKonferensi Yalta di SemenanjungKrimpada 22 Februari 1945.Pertemuantersebutdihadirioleh Roosevelt, Churchill, danJosefh Stalin (PresidenRusia).HasilpertemuanmenghasilkanRumus Yalta (<i>Yallta Formula</i>).SesuaidenganhasilKonferensi Yalta, pada 25 April–26 Juni 1945, dilaksanakankonferensi di San Fransisco yang menghasilkan<i>Charter for Peace</i> (PiagamPerdamaian).PiagamtersebutmenandailahirnyasekaligusmenjadilandasankegiatanPerserikatanBangsaBangsa (PBB).Setelahdisetujuiolehanggota-anggotanyapada 24 Oktober 1945, piagamtersebutsecararesmimulaidiberlakukandan 24 Oktober 1945 ditetapkansebagaiharilahirnya PBB.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 16.5pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: maroon; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">TujuandidirikannyaPerserikatanBangsa-Bangsa, yaitu:</span><span style="color: maroon; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">memeliharaperdamaiandankeamananinternasional;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">mengembangkanhubunganpersaudaraanantarbangsa;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">mengadakankerjasamainternasionaldalambidangekonomi, sosial, budaya, dankeamanan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">sebagaipusatpenyelarasansegalatindakanbersamaterhadapnegara yang membahayakanperdamaiandunia.</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -40.2pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: maroon; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">AsasPerserikatanBangsa-Bangsa, yaitu:</span><span style="color: maroon; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">semuaanggotamempunyaipersamaanderajatdankedaulatan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">setiapanggotaakanmenyelesaikansegalapersengketaandenganjalandamaitanpamembahayakanperdamaian, keamanan, dankeadilan;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">setiapanggotaakanmemberikanbantuankepada PBB sesuaidenganPiagam PBB;</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-autospace: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">PBB tidakbolehmencampuriurusandalamnegerinegara lain.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><br />
</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-74221795773276519002012-08-15T15:29:00.003+07:002012-08-20T17:32:52.619+07:00BAB III PERKEMBANGAN KEHIDUPAN PADA ZAMAN PRASEJARAH<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB III PERKEMBANGAN KEHIDUPAN PADA ZAMAN PRASEJARAH</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar Kompetensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Memahami Lingkungan Kehidupan Manusia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompetensi dasar<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Menjelaskan Kehidupan Pada Masa Prasejarah di Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alokasi Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 4 X 40 menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan mempelajari bab ini, kamu diharapkan mampu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengklasifikasikan pembabakan kehidupan masyarakat prasejarah di Indonesia;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasikan kehidupan zaman berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat sederhana;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasikan kehidupan zaman berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat lanjut;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasikan kehidupan zaman bercocok tanama;</span></div><div style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasikan kehidupan zaman perundagian;</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendalaman Materi/Konsep</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada saat makanan (tumbuhan dan binatang) yang disediakan alam itu berlimpah maka tingkat kehidupan manusia pada waktu itu cukup berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan. Cara hidup mereka yang masih mengumpulkan makanan dikenal dengan sebutan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">food gathering</i></b>. Tetapi ketika bahan makanan mulai menipis dan tidak ada lagi, timbulah</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">kemampuan manusia untuk mengolahnya. Cara hidup yang sudah mampu menghasilkan makanan sendirin misalnya dengan cara berladang dikenal dengan sebutan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">food producing</i></b>. Perubahan yang terjadi pada alam ini, akan berpengaruh kepada kehidupan manusia. Mereka tidak lagi hidup berpindah-pindah (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nomaden</i></b>), tetapi mulai pada kehidupan yang menetap. Berikut ini tahapan kehidupan manusia pada masa prasejarah di Indonesia.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat sederhana</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ciri-ciri zaman bebruru dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat sederhana :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manusia pada masa ini memiliki pikiran dan kecakapan yang sangat terbatas. Mereka hidup didatran rendah yang terdapat sumber air dan makanan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kegiatan mata pencaharian mereka adalah berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hidup secara berkelompok dalam jumlah yang kecil, untuk saling melindungi diri dari binatang buas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hidup <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nomaden</i></b>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yaitu berpindah-pindah tempat, apabila sumber makan berkurang atau habis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat-alat yang digunakan masih sangat sederhana, terbuat dari potongan batu, tulang, kayu yang tidak dibentuk.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel kehidupan zaman berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat sederhana.</span></i></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 725px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.15pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.8pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondisi</span></i></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 427.25pt;" valign="top" width="570"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat sederhana</span></i></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.8pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keadaan alam</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 427.25pt;" valign="top" width="570"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondisi bumi masih belum stabil (zaman tersier).</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.15pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.8pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Flora</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.15pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 427.25pt;" valign="top" width="570"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pohon salam dan rasamala, umbi-umbian, buah-buahan, dan sayu-sayuran</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 14.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.8pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fauna</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 427.25pt;" valign="top" width="570"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lembu, gajah, dan harimau</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 30.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.8pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kehidupan masyarakat</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 427.25pt;" valign="top" width="570"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Didominasi jenis Pithecanthropus erectus, food gathering, nomaden, belum mengenal sistem religi.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 15.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 15.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 116.8pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat-alat kehidupan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 427.25pt;" valign="top" width="570"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kapak perimbas, kapak genggam, alat-alat serpih.</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman bebruru dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat lanjut</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ciri-ciri zaman berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat lanjut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manusia pada masa berburu dengan menggunakan alat berupa kapak batu, tongkat, dan tombak kayu. Perburuan ini bisa menjangkau daerah yang cukup jauh.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Proses mengumpulkan makanan tidak hanya dilakukan di sekitar tempat tinggalnya, tetapi mencakup daerah lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tempat tinggalnya di gua-gua.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hidup berpindah tempat dilakukan jika sumber makanan berkurang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat-alat yang digunakan masih berbentuk kasar, terbuat dari batu, tulang, dan tanduk yang lebih tajam dan runcing.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel Kehidupan zaman berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat lanjut.</span></i></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 725px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondisi</span></i></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 425.7pt;" valign="top" width="568"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman berburu dan mengumpulkan makanan tingkat lanjut</span></i></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keadaan alam</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 425.7pt;" valign="top" width="568"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perubahan iklim dari musim dingin ke musim panas (pasca-pleistosen)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fauna</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 425.7pt;" valign="top" width="568"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Biawak, kera, banteng, kerbau, kijang, dan sebagainya. Ikan, kerang, siput (ukurannya lebih besar dibandingkan saat ini)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Flora</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 425.7pt;" valign="top" width="568"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Umbi-umbian, buah-buahan, dan sayuran</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kehidupan masyarakat</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 425.7pt;" valign="top" width="568"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berburu, bertempat tinggal di gua-gua, nomaden, sudah mengenal sistem religi, bercocok tanam secara sederhana</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat-alat kehidupan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 425.7pt;" valign="top" width="568"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat terbuat dari batu, tulang, tanduk (masih berbentuk kasar) dan Sudip sebagai alat berburu yang terbuat dari tulang.</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman bercocok tanam</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ciri-ciri zaman bercocok tanam :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pola hidupnya mulai menetap di dataran rendah secara berkelompok dan sudah memilih pemimpin. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manusia pada masa ini, sudah mengenal cara bercocok tanam, megolah tanah, dan memelihara hewan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mereka mulai menguasai cara menyimpan makanan dan mengawetkan makanan secara sederhana.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mereke mengenal sistem kepercayaan terhadap roh nenek moyang dan kekuatan alam. Sistem kepercayaan ini ditunjukan melalui simbol-simbol gambar berwarna, bangunan, dan arca yang terbuat dari batu besar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat-alat yang digunakan terbuat dari batu, dan bahan lainnya yang bentuknya sudah diasah.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel Zaman bercocok tanam.</span></i></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 725px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.15pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kondisi</span></i></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 431.9pt;" valign="top" width="576"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman bercocok tanam</span></i></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.15pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keadaan alam</span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 431.9pt;" valign="top" width="576"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bumi sudah stabil</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.15pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Flora</span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 431.9pt;" valign="top" width="576"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hampir sama dengan keadaan saat ini</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.15pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fauna</span></i></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 431.9pt;" valign="top" width="576"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hampir sama dengan keadaan saat ini</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.15pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kehidupan masyarakat</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 431.9pt;" valign="top" width="576"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sudah mulai menetap, bercocok tanam (food producing), sudah mengenal memelihara hewan, sistem barter (pertukaran barang), sistem kepercayaan, animisme dan dinamisme</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 112.15pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alat-alatkehidupan</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 431.9pt;" valign="top" width="576"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terbuat dari batu dan sudah diasah. Beliung persegi, kapak lonjong, gerabah, alat pemukul kulit kayu, perhiasan</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman perundagian</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ciri-ciri zaman perundagian :</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sudah terbentuk kelompok-kelompok kerja dalam bidang pertukangan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Adanya status keanggotaan masyarakat yang didasarkan pada tingkat kekayaan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sudah mengenal teknik pengolahan logam, sehingga alat-alat upacara, senjata, dan peralatan kerja yang digunakan dibuat dari tembaga, perunggu, dan besi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mereka sudah membuat perhiasan dari emas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tempat-tempat ibadah digunakan untuk memuja roh nenek moyang, terbuat dari batu-batu besar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image001.gif" width="12" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kepercayaan mereka adalah animisme dan dinamisme.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">REFLEKSI</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perkembangan kehidupan manusia berlangsung dengan suatu proses yang panjang dan membutuhkan waktu yang lama. Begitupula dengan keberhasilanmu dalam belajar, sama-sama membutuhkan proses dan kerja keras. Oleh karena itu, terus belajar dengan sungguh-sunggug dan sabar dalam menjalani proses.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUGAS</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Isilah Tabel Berikut!</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 668px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" valign="top" width="183"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa Berburu dan Meramu</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa Bercocok Tanam</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.6pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa Perundagian</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara mendapatkan makanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" valign="top" width="183"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.6pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat yang digunakan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" valign="top" width="183"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.6pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem kepercayaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" valign="top" width="183"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.6pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 138.2pt;" valign="top" width="184"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peninggalan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 137.6pt;" valign="top" width="183"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.35pt;" valign="top" width="158"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.6pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kerjakan secara kelompok yang terdiri dari 4-5 siswa!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengapa masyarakat prasejarah selalu berpindah dari satu tempat ke tempat yang lain?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengapa masyarakat prasejarah cenderung hidup di sekitar sungai dan daerah lembah?</span></div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-47114259680005469452012-08-15T15:29:00.001+07:002012-08-15T15:29:53.769+07:00BAB IV PENINGGALAN ZAMAN PRASEJARAH<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB IV PENINGGALAN ZAMAN PRASEJARAH</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar Kompetensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Memahami Lingkungan Kehidupan Manusia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompetensi dasar<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Menjelaskan Kehidupan Pada Masa Prasejarah di Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alokasi Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 4 X 40 menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan mempelajari bab ini, kamu diharapkan mampu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mengklasifikasikan pembagian zaman prasejarah berdasarkan peninggalannya;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mendeskripsikan peninggalan zaman batu;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mendeskripsikan peninggalan zaman logam;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">====================================================================================</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendalaman Materi/Konsep</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berdasarkan benda-benda peninggalan yang ditemukan, masa prasejarah dibagi menjadi:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman Batu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>yaitu zaman ketika manusia mulai mengenal alat-alat yang terbuat dari batu. Pada zaman ini, bukan berarti alat-alat dari kayu atau bambu tidak dibuat. Alat yang terbuat dari bahan kayu atau bambu mudah rapuh, tidak tahan lama seperti dari batu, bekas-bekas peninggalannya tidak ada lagi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ciri-ciri zaman batu, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dimulai kurang lebih pada tahun 590.000 SM.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Peralatan yang digunakan masyarakatnya masih menggunakan bahan dari batu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alat dari batu ini digunakan untuk mempertahankan diri dari serangan binatang buas, mencari dan mengolah makanan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selain batu, digunakan juga peralatan dari kayu, tetapi tidak ada bekasnya karena lapuk dan tidak tahan lama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pola pikir manusia masih sangat sederhana</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman batu ini dibagi lagi atas beberapa periode, yaitu:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman batu tua (<i>Palaeolithikum</i>);</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman batu tengah (<i>Mesolithikum</i>);</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman batu muda (<i>Neolithikum</i>);</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman batu besar (<i>Megalithikum</i>).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman logam</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>yaitu zaman sewaktu manusia sudah mampu membuat alat-alat perlengkapan hidupnya dari logam. Teknik pembuatan alat-alat dari logam ini dengan cara melebur terlebih dahulu bijih-bijih logam yang nanti dituangkan dalam bentuk alat-alat yang sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan. Dengan demikian, zaman logam ini tingkat kehidupan manusia sudah lebih tinggi daripada zaman batu. Ciri-ciri zaman logam, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Manusia yang hidup pada zaman ini, sudah mulai bertempat tinggal dengan menetap.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perlalatan yang digunakan masyarakat sudah mulai beralih ke bahan-bahan yang terbuat dari logam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mata pencaharian tidak hanya dari pertanian, tetapi juga melalui usaha perdagangan (jual beli alat dari logam).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pola pikir masyarakatnya mengalami kemajuan dengan bukti bahwa mereka sudah menyentuh nilai-nilai keagamaan, yaitu melakukan ritual tradisi memuja roh nenek moyang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Memeiliki kemampuan tambahan yaitu berlayar dengan menggunakan perahu cadik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman logam dibagi atas:</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">zaman tembaga,</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">zaman perunggu, dan</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">zaman besi.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hasil Kebudayaan zaman Batu</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada zaman batu peralatan hidup manusia purba terbuat dari batu. Berdasarkan perkembangannya zaman batu dapat dapat dikelompokan menjadi empat yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zaman Batu Tua (Palaeolithikum)</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Paleolithikum berasal dari kata <i>Palaeo </i>artinya tua, dan <i>Lithos </i>yang artinya batu sehingga zaman ini disebut zaman batu tua. Hasil kebudayaannya banyak ditemukan di daerah Pacitan dan Ngandong Jawa Timur. Para arkeolog sepakat untuk membedakan temuan benda-benda prasejarah di kedua tempat tersebut, yaitu sebagai kebudayaan Pacitan dan kebudayaan Ngandong.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zaman batu tua diperkirakan berlangsung kurang lebih 600.000 tahun silam. Kehidupan manusia masih sangat sederhana, hidup berpindah-pindah (<i>nomaden</i>), dan bergantung pada alam. Mereka memperoleh makanan dengan cara berburu, mengumpulkan buahbuahan, umbi-umbian, serta menangkap ikan. Cara hidup seperti ini dinamakan <i>food gathering</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis peralatan yang digunakan pada zaman batu tua terbuat dari batu yang masih kasar, seperti kapak genggam (<i>chopper</i>), kapak penetak (<i>chopping tool</i>), peralatan dari tulang dan tanduk binatang, serta alat serpih (<i>flake</i>) yang digunakan untuk menguliti hewan buruan, mengiris daging, atau memotong umbi-umbian.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="177" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.gif" width="561" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Gambar </span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Alat Pacitan dari berbagai sisi.</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sumber: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zaman Batu Pertengahan/Madya (Mesolithikum)</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mesolithikum berasal dari kata <i>Meso </i>yang artinya tengah dan <i>Lithos </i>yang artinya batu sehingga zaman ini dapat disebut zaman batu tengah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zaman batu pertengahan diperkirakan berlangsung kurang lebih 20.000 tahun silam. Pada zaman ini, kehidupan manusia tidak jauh berbeda dengan zaman batu tua, yaitu berburu, mengumpulkan makanan, dan menangkap ikan. Mereka juga sudah mulai hidup menetap di gua, tepi sungai, atau tepi pantai.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Alat-alat perkakas yang digunakan pada masa Mesolithikum hampir sama dengan alat-alat pada zaman Palaeolithikum, hanya sudah sedikit dihaluskan. Peralatan yang dihasilkan pada zaman Mesolithikum, antara lain kapak Sumatra (<i>pebble</i>), sejenis kapak genggam yang dibuat dari batu kali yang salah satu sisinya masih alami; kapak pendek (<i>hache courte</i>), sejenis kapak genggam dengan ukuran</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang lebih kecil; pipisan, batu-batu penggiling beserta landasannya; alat-alat dari tanduk dan tulang binatang; mata panah dari batu dan juga <i>flake</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun hasil-hasil kebudayaan yang ditinggalkan manusia purba pada zaman batu pertengahan adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peradaban <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><u>abris sous roche</u></i></b><i> </i>(<i>abris </i>= tinggal, <i>sous </i>= dalam, <i>roche </i>= gua), yaitu peradaban ketika manusia purba menjadikan gua-gua sebagai tempat tinggal. Hasil kebudayaannya adalah Kebudayaan Sampung Bone di Gua Lawa, dekat Sampung Ponorogo, Jawa Timur, berupa tulang manusia jenis Papua Melanesoid, fl<i>akes</i>, alat-alat dari tulang, dan tanduk rusa yang ditemukan pada 1928–1931 oleh van Stein Callenfels dan Kebudayaan Toala di Lamoncong, Sulawesi Selatan. Hasil kebudayaan ini adalah lukisan yang terdapat di dinding gua, seperti lukisan manusia, cap tangan, dan binatang yang ditemukan di Gua Raha, Pulau Muna, Sulawesi Tenggara, dan Danau Sentani Papua.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manusia purba yang tinggal di sepanjang pantai pada zaman Mesolithikum telah memiliki kemampuan membuat rumah panggung sederhana. Kehidupan manusia purba ini menghasil kan tumpukan sampah berupa kulit siput dan kerang di bawah rumah mereka yang disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><u>kjokken moddinger</u></i></b><i> </i>(<i>kjokken </i>= dapur, <i>moddinger </i>= sampah). Sampah dapur ini banyak ditemukan di daerah pantai timur Sumatra antara Langsa sampai Medan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peninggalan berupa kapak Sumatra dan kapak pendek di Indonesia sama dengan peninggalan kebudayaan yang ditemukan di Pegunungan Bacson dan daerah Hoabinh, Tonkin,Yunan Selatan. Para ahli menyimpulkan bahwa di Tonkin terdapat pusat kebudayaan pra-aksara Asia Tenggara yang kemudian diberi nama Kebudayaan Bacson-Hoabinh.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="83" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image004.gif" width="624" /></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Gambar </span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Pebble.</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sumber: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Zaman Batu Muda (Neolithikum) </span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Neolithikum berasal dari kata <i>Neo </i>yang artinya baru dan <i>Lithos </i>yang artinya batu. Neolithikum berarti zaman batu baru/muda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Pada zaman batu baru/ muda, kehidupan manusia purba sudah berangsur-angsur hidup menetap tidak lagi berpindah-pindah. Manusia pada zaman ini sudah mulai mengenal cara bercocok tanam meskipun masih sangat sederhana, selain kegiatan berburu yang masih tetap dilakukan. Manusia purba pada masa neolithikum sudah bisa menghasilkan bahan makanan sendiri atau biasa disebut <i>food producing</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peralatan yang digunakan pada masa neolithikum sudah diasah sampai halus, bahkan ada peralatan yang bentuknya sangat indah. Peralatan yang diasah pada masa itu adalah kapak lonjong dan kapak persegi. Di Jawa Timur dan Sulawesi Selatan ada yang telah membuat mata panah dan mata tombak yang digunakan untuk berburu dan keperluan lainnya. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan penting pada zaman batu muda adalah banyak ditemukannya kapak lonjong dan kapak persegi dengan daerah temuan yang berbeda. Kapak persegi banyak ditemukan di wilayah Indonesia bagian Barat, seperti Sumatra, Kalimantan, Jawa, dan Nusa Tenggara. Adapun kapak lonjong banyak ditemukan di wilayah Indonesia bagian Timur, seperti Sulawesi, Halmahera, Maluku, dan Papua.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perbedaan daerah temuan kapak persegi dan kapak lonjong tersebut diperkirakan karena daerah penyebaran kapak persegi dan kapak lonjong bersamaan dengan persebaran bangsa Austronesia, sebagai nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia yang datang sekitar 2000 SM.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="131" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.gif" width="624" /></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Gambar </span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Peninggalan zaman Neolithikum.</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Sumber: www.wikipedia.org</span></i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman Batu Besar (Megalithikum)</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Megalithikum berasal dari kata megalith dalam bahasa yunani. Kata itu tersusun atas kata mega dan lithos, mega berarti besar, dan lithos berarti batu. Jadi megalithikum dapat berarti bangunan yang dibuat dari batu besar. Zaman batu besar diperkirakan berkembang sejak zaman batu muda sampai zaman logam. Ciri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">utama pada zaman megalithikum adalah manusia yang hidup pada zamannya sudah mampu membuat bangunan-bangunan besar yang terbuat dari batu. Banyak terdapat bangunan-bangunan besar terbuat dari batu ditemukan khususnya yang berkaitan dengan kepercayaan mereka seperti sarkofagus, kubur batu, punden berundak, arca, menhir, dan dolmen.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berikut merupakan hasil kebudayaan Megalithikum beserta ciri dan fungsinya serta tempat ditemukannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sarkofagus</span></u></i></b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah bangunan batu besar yang dipahat menyerupai mangkuk, yakni terdiri atas dua keping yang ditangkupkan menjadi sepasang (satu sisi untuk bagian bawah dan sisi lain sebagai penutupnya). Sarkofagus berfungsi sebagai peti jenasah. Banyak ditemukan di daerah Bali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menhir</span></u></i></b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah bangunan berupa tiang atau tugu batu yang berfungsi sebagai tanda peringatan dan melambangkan kehormatan terhadap arwah nenek moyang. Adapun tempat ditemukannya di Paseman Sumatra Selatan dan Sulawesi Tengah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dolmen</span></u></i></b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah bangunan berupa meja batu yang berfungsi sebagai tempat meletakan sesaji dalam pemujaan terhadap roh nenek moyang. Adapun tempat ditemukannya di Cipari Kuningan, Pasemah dan Nusa Tenggara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Punden berundak-undak</span></u></i></b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bangunan berupa susunan batu bertingkat yang menyerupai bangunan candi, yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pemujaan. Ditemukan di Lebak Sibedug dan Bukit Hyang Jawa Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arca Batu</span></u></i></b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah bangunan berupa patung manusia dan binatang yang berfungsi sebagai bentuk penghormatan terhadap tokoh yang disukai, ditemukan di daerah Lampung, Pasemah, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pandhusa</span></u></i></b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, benda ini berupa meja batu yang kakinya tertutup rapat berfungsi sebagai kuburan, ditemukan di Bondowoso dan Besuki Jawa Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kubur batu</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> adalah peti yang terbuat dari batu berbentuk kotak persegi panjang, yang berfungsi sebagai tempat menyimpan jenazah. Kubur batu banyak ditemukan di Bali, Pasemah (Sumatra Selatan), Wonosari (Yogyakarta), Cepu (Jawa Tengah), dan Cirebon (Jawa Barat).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Waruga</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, yaitu kubur batu berbentuk kubus atau bulat yang terbuat dari batu besar yang utuh. Waruga banyak ditemukan di Sulawesi Utara dan Sulawesi Tengah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arca atau patung</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, yaitu bangunan batu berupa binatang atau manusia yang melambangkan nenek moyang dan menjadi pujaan. Peninggalan ini banyak ditemukan di Pasemah (Sumatra Selatan) dan lembah Bada Lahat (Sulawesi Selatan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hasil Kebudayaan Zaman Logam</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebuadayaan manusia purba pada zaman logam sudah jauh lebih tinggi atau lebih maju jika dibandingkan dengan kebudayaan manusia purba pada zaman batu. Pada zaman logam manusia purba sudah memiliki kemampuan melebur logam untuk membuat alat-alat yang dibutuhkan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kebudayaan zaman logam dapat dibagi menjadi tiga zaman yaitu zaman perunggu, zaman tembaga, dan zaman besi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman perunggu</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di Indonesia tradisi logam dimulai beberapa abad sebelum masehi. Tradisi membuat alat-alat dari perunggu merupakan ciri khas pada masa perundagian. Adapun alat-alat dari zaman perunggu antara lain nekara, moko, kapak corong, perhiasan perunggu, arca atau patung perunggu, dan manik-manik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nekara</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nekara dapat juga disebut Genderang Nobat atau Genderang Ketel karena bentuknya semacam berumbung. Terbuat dari perunggu yang berpinggang di bagian tengahnya, dan sisi atasnya tertutup. Bagi masyarakat prasejarah, nekara dianggap sesuatu yang suci. Di daerah asalnya, Dongson, pemilikan nekara merupakan simbol status, sehingga apabila pemiliknya meninggal, dibuatlah nekara tiruan yang kecil yang dipakai sebagai bekal kubur. Di Indonesia nekara hanya dipergunakan waktu upacara-upacara saja, antara lain ditabuh untuk memanggil roh nenek moyang, dipakai sebagai genderang perang, dan dipakai sebagai alat memanggil hujan. Daerah penemuan nekara di Indonesia antara lain, Pulau Sumatra, Pulau Jawa, Pulau Roti, dan Pulau Kei serta Pulau Selayar, Pulau Bali, Pulau Sumbawa, Pulau Sangean. Nekara-nekara yang ditemukan di Indonesia, biasanya beraneka ragam sehingga melalui hiasan-hiasan tersebut dapat diketahui gambaran kehidupan dan kebudayaan yang ada pada masyarakat prasejarah. Nekara yang ditemukan di Indonesia ukurannya besar-besar. Contoh nekara yang ditemukan di Desa Intaran daerah Pejeng Bali, memiliki ketinggian 1,86 meter dengan garis tengahnya 1,60 meter. Nekara tersebut dianggap suci sehingga ditempatkan di Pure Penataran Sasih. Dalam bahasa Bali sasih artinya bulan, maka nekara tersebut dinamakan nekara Bulan Pejeng.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="159" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.gif" width="378" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambar </span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nekara & Moko.</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Moko</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Merupakan genderang kecil yang terbuat dari perunggu. Bangunan ini berguna untuk alat upacara atau sebagai mas kawin. Daerah penemuan moko ini adalah di Alor.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kapak Corong</i></b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kapak corong disebut juga kapak sepatu karena seolah-olah kapak disamakan dengan sepatu dan tangkai kayunya disamakan dengan kaki. Bentuk bagian tajamnya kapak corong tidak jauh berbeda dengan kapak batu, hanya bagian tangkainya yang berbentuk corong. Corong tersebut dipakai untuk tempat tangkai kayu. Bentuk kapak corong sangat beragam jenisnya. Salah satunya ada yang panjang satu sisinya yang disebut dengan candrosa, bentuknya sangat indah dan dilengkapi dengan hiasan.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="298" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image010.gif" width="533" /></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambar <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Berbagai bentuk Candrasa.</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bejana perunggu</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bejana perunggu ditemukan di tepi Danau Kerinci Sumatra dan Madura, bentuknya seperti periuk tetapi langsing dan gepeng. Kedua bejana yang ditemukan mempunyai hiasan yang serupa dan sangat indah berupa gambar-gambar geometri dan pilin-pilin yang mirip huruf J.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="158" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image012.gif" width="227" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambar </span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bejana Perunggu dari Kerinci (Sumatra).Sumber: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arca-arca perunggu</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arca perunggu yang berkembang pada zaman logam memiliki bentuk bervariasi, ada yang berbentuk manusia, ada juga yang berbentuk binatang. Pada umumnya, arca perunggu bentuknya kecil-kecil dan dilengkapi cincin pada bagian atasnya. Adapun fungsi dari cincin tersebut sebagai alat untuk menggantungkan arca itu sehingga tidak mustahil arca perunggu yang kecil dipergunakan sebagai bandul kalung. Daerah penemuan arca perunggu di Indonesia adalah Palembang Sumsel, Limbangan Bogor, dan Bangkinang Riau.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="146" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image014.gif" width="445" /></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambar </span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Arca Perunggu</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perhiasan perunggu</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perhiasan dari perunggu yang ditemukan sangat beragam bentuknya, yaitu seperti kalung, gelang tangan dan kaki, bandul kalung dan cincin. Di antara bentuk perhiasan tersebut terdapat cincin yang ukurannya kecil sekali, bahkan lebih kecil dari lingkaran jari anak-anak. Untuk itu, para ahli menduga fungsinya sebagai alat tukar. Perhiasan perunggu ditemukan di Malang, Bali, dan Bogor.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img border="0" height="191" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image016.gif" width="379" /></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambar </span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aneka Ragam Perhiasan dari Perunggu.</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber: Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Sejarah Nasional Indonesia 1, halaman 433)</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manik-manik</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manik-manik yang berasal dari zaman perunggu ditemukan dalam jumlah yang besar sebagai bekal kubur sehingga memberikan corak istimewa pada zaman perunggu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><img align="left" height="165" hspace="12" src="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CIPUTUS%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_image018.gif" width="307" /><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /> </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><b><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gambar </span></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Manik-Manik</span></i></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sumber: <a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/">www.wikipedia.org</a></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman tembaga</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di Indonesia tidak mengalami zaman tembaga. Hal ini terlihat dari tidak diketemukannya barang-barang peninggalan yang terbuat dari tembaga.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman besi</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman besi adalah zaman ketika orang telah dapat melebur besi dari bijihnya untuk dituang menjadi alat-alat yang diperlukan. Oleh karena membutuhkan suhu yang sangat panas untuk melebur bijih besi, maka alat-alat yang dihasilkan pun lebih sempurna. Teknik pembuatan alat yang terbuat dari logam <span style="color: #231f20;">dapat dikategorikan menjadi dua cara sebagai berikut.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><u><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A cire perdue</span></u></i></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">atau cetakan lilin, caranya yaitu membuat bentuk benda yang dikehendaki dengan lilin. Setelah membuat model dari lilin, maka ditutup dengan menggunakan tanah, dan dibuat lubang dari atas dan bawah. Setelah itu, dibakar sehingga lilin yang terbungkus dengan tanah akan mencair, dan keluar melalui lubang bagian bawah. Lubang bagian atas dimasukkan cairan perunggu, dan apabila sudah dingin, cetakan tersebut dipecah sehingga keluarlah benda yang dikehendaki.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo14; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><u><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bivalve</span></u></i></b><i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></i><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">atau setangkup, caranya yaitu menggunakan cetakan yang ditungkupkan dan dapat dibuka, sehingga setelah dingin cetakan tersebut dapat dibuka, maka keluarlah benda yang dikehendaki, cetakan tersebut biasanya terbuat dari batu atau kayu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Benda-benda yang diketemukan dimasa ini tidak begitu banyak karena mungkin alat-alat tersebut telah berkarat sehingga hancur. Kemungkinan alat-alat tersebut dikubur bersma dengan orang atau pemiliknya yang telah meninggal. Adapun alat-alat dari tradisi besi yang banyak diketemukan antara lain, mata kapak, mata pisau, mata sabit, mata pedang, cangkul, tongkat dan gelang besi. Daerah ditemukannya alat-alat ini adalah Bogor, Wanasari, Ponorogo, dan Besuki. Zaman besi menandakan zaman terakhir dari zaman prasejarah.</span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUGAS</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times-Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times-Roman; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buatlah kliping tentang bukti-bukti zaman prasejarah, manfaatkanlah fasilitas internet dan berikan komentar dari setiap lembaran kliping yang kamu kumpulkan, diskusikan dengan kelompok belajarmu tentang upaya menjaga barang-barang peninggalan zaman prasejarah. Laporkan kepada guru IPS-Sejarah di sekolahmu!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-34092851612368562842012-08-15T15:28:00.000+07:002012-08-15T15:28:55.522+07:00BAB VI PERKEMBANGAN AGAMA DAN KEBUDAYAAN HINDU-BUDDHA DI ASIA<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB VI PERKEMBANGAN AGAMA DAN KEBUDAYAAN HINDU-BUDDHA DI ASIA</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar Kompetensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Memahami Perkembangan Masyarakat Sejak Masa Hindu-Buddha Sampai Masa </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kolonial Eropa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompetensi dasar<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Mendeskripsikan perkembangan masyarakat, kebudayaan dan pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada masa Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia serta peninggalan-peninggalannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alokasi Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2 X 40 menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan mempelajari bab ini, kamu diharapkan mampu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mendeskripsikan perkembangan masyarakat, kebudayaan, dan pemerintahan pada masa Hindu-Buddha serta peninggalan-peninggalannya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendalaman Materi/Konsep</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pernahkah kamu berkunjung ke Candi Borobudur? Tahukah pendiri Candi Borobudur? Dalam bab ini, kamu akan mempelajari perkembangan agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha serta penyebarannya ke berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Kamu pun akan mempelajari perkembangan kerajaan-kerajaan Hindu-Buddha serta peninggalanpeninggalan sejarahnya di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan Hindu-Buddha</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan Agama dan Kebudayaan Hindu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan Hindu (Hinduisme) di India berkaitan dengan sistem ke percayaan bangsa Arya yang masuk ke India pada 1500 SM. Mereka masuk ke India melalui Celah Khyber dan menggantikan posisi bangsa Dravida dan Munda yang menguasai India. Bangsa Arya berasal dari daratan Eropa, mengembangkan sistem kepercayaan yang menyembah banyak dewa. Misalnya, <i>Agni </i>(dewa api), <i>Indra</i> (dewa halilintar dan perang), dan <i>Rudra </i>(dewa pemanah yang menyebarkan bencana dan penyakit dengan cara melepaskan anak panahnya ke sembarang orang). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Upacara persembahan merupa kan bagian ter penting dari agama bangsa Arya. Kemudian, secara bertahap terjadi pembakuan tata cara per sembahan atau upacara keagamaan oleh golongan pendeta (Brahmana). Para pendeta mementingkan ketepatan tata cara upacara keagamaan. Mereka yakin, upacara keagamaan yang benar akan mendorong para dewa mengabul kan doa para penyembahnya. Monopoli tata cara upacara keagamaan oleh kaum Brahmana, menim bulkan istilah <i>Brahmaisme</i>. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem yang dikembangkan bangsa Arya adalah sistem kasta. Pada awalnya, sistem kasta bertujuan membedakan bangsa Arya dengan penduduk asli, untuk menandai kelahiran, dan kekerabatan. Sistem ini berkembang dan membedakan masyarakat berdasarkan fungsinya. Ada empat kelompok utama dalam masyarakat India berdasarkan sistem tersebut, yaitu kaum Brahmana (para pendeta), kaum Ksatria (para bangsawan), kaum Waisya (para petani dan pedagang), dan kaum Sudra (para pelayan atau buruh). Dengan demikian, Hinduisme adalah perpaduan antara keyakinan keagamaan yang suci dan kelas sosial yang mempunyai hukum moral. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bangsa Arya dan bangsa India percaya kepada banyak dewa. Di antara banyak dewa tersebut, terdapat tiga dewa utama yang disebut <i>Trimurti</i>, yaitu Brahma atau dewa pencipta, Wisnu atau dewa pelindung dan pemelihara, serta Syiwa atau dewa pencipta dan pelebur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkembangan Agama dan Kebudayaan Buddha</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekitar abad ke-5 SM muncul agama Buddha (Buddhisme) yang lahir sebagai reaksi terhadap Hinduisme. ‘’Buddha’’ berarti ‘’Dia yang tercerahkan.’’ Agama ini kali pertama dikembangkan oleh <i>Siddharta</i> <i>Gautama </i>(563–483 SM). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inti ajaran yang dibawa oleh Siddharta Gautama adalah Delapan Ruas Jalur Utama. Siddharta mengajarkan pengendalian diri dan usaha yang bersifat individual pada setiap manusia untuk mencapai <i>nirwana</i>. Golongan yang sangat ketat menjaga disiplin dan hidup dalam biara disebut <i>sangha</i>, yang terdiri atas biksu (laki-laki) dan biksuni (perem puan). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selama 45 tahun, Buddha menyebarkan ajaran agama nya. Ketika usianya 80 tahun, sang Buddha meninggal di Kusinagara. Tempat ini kini menjadi salah satu tempat ziarah penting bagi penganut Buddhisme selain Taman Rusa di Sarnath (dekat Kota Benares) tempat beliau kali pertama memberikan wejangan, <i>Kapilawastu </i>tempat Siddharta terlahir, dan <i>Bodhgaya</i> tempat Siddharta mencapai <i>bodhi </i>(pencerahan).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saat ini agama Buddha tersebar ke seluruh dunia dengan beragam sekte atau aliran. Dua alirannya yang besar, yaitu Hinayana dan Mahayana. Aliran Hinayana atau Theravada meyakini jalan terbaik untuk terbebas dari karma dan mencapai <i>nirwana </i>adalah melalui aturan yang ketat. Penganut aliran ini tersebar di Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara (India, Srilanka, Myanmar, Thailand, dan Kamboja). Aliran Mahayana lebih liberal, artinya ajaran Buddha cocok untuk semua orang. Ajaran ini tersebar di Asia Timur (Jepang, Cina, dan Korea) juga Vietnam (Asia Tenggara). Penganutnya percaya semua orang dapat menjadi Buddha dan terbebas dari <i>samsara </i>serta karma dengan cara bekerja keras dan bekerja sama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masuk dan Berkembangnya Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebelum pengaruh agama dan kebudayaan Hindu- Buddha masuk ke Indonesia, telah terjadi perdagangan antara India, Asia Tenggara (termasuk Indonesia), dan Cina. Barangbarang yang diperdagangkan, antara lain tenunan, logam mulia, perhiasan, keramik, kayu cendana, cengkih, lada, dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kapur barus. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Namun demikian, tidak diketahui secara pasti mengenai kapan, siapa yang membawa, dan bagaimana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">proses masuk, dan berkembangnya agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia. Berikut beberapa teori tentang masuk dan berkembangnya agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori Waisya </span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori Waisya merujuk pada peranan para pedagang India dalam penyebaran agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia yang diikuti dengan proses antara pedagang India dan wanita pribumi. Teori yang dikemukakan oleh N.J. Krom ini banyak dianut oleh para ahli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teori Ksatria</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori Ksatria dikemukakan oleh C.C. Berg yang menyatakan bahwa Indonesia pernah menjadi koloni bangsa India. Golongan yang melakukan kolonisasi tersebut adalah golongan Ksatria. Berdasarkan kolonisasi ini, secara tidak langsung agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha mulai masuk ke wilayah Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0;">Teori Brahmana</span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori Brahmana dikemukakan oleh van Leur sebagai reaksi terhadap Teori Waisya dan Teori Ksatria. Teori ini merujuk pada peranan golongan Brahmana India yang datang atas undangan para penguasa Indonesia untuk menye barkan agama Hindu. Van Leur menye butkan bahwa kontak penguasa Indonesia dengan penguasa India terjadi berkat hubungan dagang. Dalam kontak tersebut, banyak orang Indonesia yang datang ke India untuk belajar.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0;">Teori Arus Balik</span></i></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori Brahmana mendapat dukungan dari F.D.K. Bosch yang mengajukan Teori Arus Balik. Teori ini</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menekankan pada peranan bangsa Indonesia dalam proses penyebaran agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia. Menurut teori ini, penyebaran agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia dilakukan oleh para cendekiawan melalui proses penyebaran yang terjadi dalam dua tahap, yaitu sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses penyebaran dilakukan golongan pendeta Buddha atau para biksu ke seluruh Asia termasuk Indonesia melalui jalur dagang. Proses penyuburan dilakukan para biksu, kemudian membentuk masyarakat <i>sangha</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses penyebaran dilakukan golongan Brahmana terutama dari aliran <i>Saiva-Siddhanta</i>. F.D.K. Bosch berpendapat bahwa golongan Brahmana seperti ini banyak diundang ke Indonesia untuk melakukan upacara <i>vratyastoma</i>, yaitu upacara penghinduan seseorang. Berdasarkan beberapa teori tersebut, diperoleh gambaran bahwa hubungan dagang menyebabkan terjadinya proses masuk dan berkembangnya agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia. Selain itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa agama dan kebudayaan Hindu- Buddha berkembang kali pertama di antara golongan elit di sekitar istana. Dari golongan elit kuno Indonesia inilah sebagian masyarakat golongan bawah mendapatkan ajaran Hindu-Buddha. Sebagian lainnya melakukan kontak langsung dengan para pedagang India melalui jalur perdagangan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daerah yang Dipengaruhi dan Tidak Dipengaruhi Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan peninggalan-peninggalan Hindu-Buddha yang ditemukan di Indonesia, seperti prasasti, naskah kuno, arca, istana, makam, dan bangunan candi, dapat diketahui beberapa daerah di Indonesia yang dipengaruhi dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh unsur-unsur agama dankebudayaan Hindu-Buddha sampai abad ke-14 M. Daerah yang dipengaruhi oleh Hindu-Buddha adalah Kalimantan dengan ditemukannya Prasasti Kutai di Kalimantan Timur, Jawa Barat dengan ditemukannya prasasti-prasasti peninggalan Kerajaan Tarumanagara dan Kerajaan Sunda, Jawa Tengah, dan Jawa Timur yang dapat diketahui dari banyaknya peninggalan Kerajaan Mataram Kuno, Kediri, Singhasari, dan Majapahit. Di Sumatra, pengaruh agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha dapat dilihat dari prasasti-prasasti peninggalan Kerajaan Sriwijaya. Adapun berdasarkan Prasasti Bali, pengaruh Hindu-Buddha di Bali sudah dimulai pada abad ke-8 M. Adapun di Sulawesi, ditemukan arca Buddha yang terbuat dari perunggu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-91405453399206941282012-08-15T15:27:00.000+07:002012-08-15T15:27:47.854+07:00BAB V KEDATANGAN NENEK MOYANG BANGSA INDONESIA<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB V KEDATANGAN NENEK MOYANG BANGSA INDONESIA</span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar Kompetensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Memahami Lingkungan Kehidupan Manusia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompetensi dasar<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Menjelaskan Kehidupan Pada Masa Prasejarah di Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alokasi Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2 X 40 menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 50%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan mempelajari bab ini, kamu diharapkan mampu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menjelaskan kedatangan nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menjelaskan asal usul rumpun bahasa Austonesia;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mendeskripsikan jalur kedatangan Proto Melayu;</span></div><div style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mendeskripsikan jalur kedatangan Deutro Melayu</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 50%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendalaman Materi/Konsep</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ASAL USUL NENEK MOYANG BANGSA INDONESIA</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk mengetahui asal nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia, kita bisa melalui 2 cara, yaitu melalui persebaran rumpun bahasa dan persebaran kebudayaan bercocok tanam. Merujuk pada bidang linguistik, bahasa yang tersebar di Indonesia termasuk rumpun bahasa Melayu Austronesia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut para ahli, nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari Yunan, kesimpulan ini diambil berdasarkan bukti kesamaan artefak prasejarah yang ditemukan diwilayah itu dengan artefak prasejarah di Indonesia. Dari artefak yang ditemukan di Yunan, tampak bahwa sekitar 3000 SM masyarakat di wilayah itu, telah mengenal bercocok tanam.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daerah Yunan terletak di daratan Asia Tenggara. Tepatnya, di wilayah Myanmar sekarang. Seorang ahli sejarah yang mengemukakan pendapat ini adalah Moh. Ali. Pendapat Moh. Ali ini didasarkan pada argumen bahwa nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari hulu-hulu sungai besar di Asia dan kedatangannya ke Indonesia dilakukan secara bergelombang. Gelombang pertama berlangsung dari tahun 3000 SM – 1500 SM dengan menggunakan perahu bercadik satu. Sedangkan gelombang kedua berlangsung antara tahun 1500 SM – 500 SM dengan menggunakan perahu bercadik dua. Tampaknya, pendapat Moh. Ali ini sangat dipengaruhi oleh pendapat Mens bahwa nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari daerah Mongol yang terdesak ke selatan oleh bangsa-bangsa yang lebih kuat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sementara, para ahli yang lain memiliki pendapat yang beragam dengan berbagai argumen atau alasannya, seperti:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prof. Dr. H. Kern</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan teori imigrasi menyatakan bahwa nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari Campa, Kochin Cina, Kamboja. Pendapat ini didasarkan pada kesamaan bahasa yang dipakai di kepulauan Indonesia, Polinesia, Melanisia, dan Mikronesia. Menurut hasil penelitiannya, bahasa-bahasa yang digunakan di daerah daerah tersebut berasal dari satu akar bahasa yang sama, yaitu bahasa Austronesia. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan adanya nama dan bahasa yang dipakai daerah-daerah tersebut. Objek penelitian Kern adalah kesamaan bahasa, namanama binatang dan alat-alat perang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Van Heine Geldern</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berpendapat bahwa nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari daerah Asia. Pendapat ini didukung oleh artefak-artefak atau peninggalan kebudayaan yang ditemukan di Indonesia memiliki banyak kesamaan dengan peninggalanpeninggalan kebudayaan yang ditemukan di daerah Asia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prof. Mohammad Yamin</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berpendapat bahwa nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari daerah Indonesia sendiri. Pendapat ini didasarkan pada penemuan fosil-fosil dan artefakartefak manusia tertua di Indonesia dalam jumlah yang banyak. Di samping itu, Mohammad Yamin berpegang pada prinsip Blood Und Breden Unchro, yang berarti darah dan tanah bangsa Indonesia berasal dari Indonesia sendiri. Manusia purba mungkin telah tinggal di Indonesia, sebelum terjadi gelombang perpindahan bangsa-bangsa dari Yunan dan Campa ke wilayah Indonesia. Persoalannya, apakah nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia adalah manusia purba?</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hogen</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berpendapat bangsa yang mendiami daerah pesisir Melayu berasal dari Sumatera. Banga ini bercampur dengan bangsa Mongol dan kemudian disebut bangsa Proto Melayu dan Deutro Melayu. Bangsa Proto Melayu (Melayu Tua) menyebar ke wilayah Indonesia pada tahun 3000 SM – 1500 SM. Sedangkan bangsa Deutro Melayu (Melayu Muda) menyebar ke wilayah Indonesia pada tahun 1500 SM – 500 SM.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan penyelidikan terhadap penggunaan bahasa yang dipakai di berbagai kepulauan, Kern berkesimpulan bahwa nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari satu daerah dan menggunakan bahasa yang sama, yaitu bahasa Campa. Namun, sebelum nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia tiba di daerah kepulauan Indonesai, daerah ini telah ditempati oleh bangsa berkulit hitam dan berambut keriting. Bangsa-bangsa ini hingga sekarang menempati daerahdaerah Indonesia bagian timur dan daerah-daerah Australia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sementara, sekitar tahun 1500 SM, nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia yang berada di Campa terdesak oleh bangsa lain dari Asia Tengah yang lebih kuat. Mereka berpindah ke Kamboja dan kemudian melanjutkan perjalanannya ke Semenanjung Malaka dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">daerah Filipina. Dari Semenanjung Malaka, mereka melanjutkan perjalanannya ke daerah Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan Jawa. Sedangkan mereka yang berada di Filipina melanjutkan perjalanannya ke daerah Minahasa dan daerah-daerah sekitarnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bertitik tolak dari pendapat-pendapat di atas, terdapat hal-hal yang menarik tentang asal-usul nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertama</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari Yunan dan Campa. Argumen ini merujuk pada pendapat Moh. Ali dan Kern bahwa sekitar tahun 3000 SM – 1500 SM terjadi gelombang perpindahan bangsa-bangsa di Yunan dan Campa sebagai akibat desakan bangsa lain dari Asia Tengah yang lebih kuat. Argumen ini diperkuat dengan adanya persamaan bahasa, nama binatang, dan nama peralatan yang dipakai di kepulauan Indonesia, Polinesia, Melanesia, dan Mikronesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedua</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia berasal dari Indonesia sendiri. Argumen ini merujuk pada pendapat Mohammad Yamin yang didukung dengan penemuan fosil-fosil dan artefak-artefak manusia tertua di wilayah Indonesia dalam jumlah yang banyak. Sementara, fosil dan artefak manusia tertua jarang ditemukan di daratan Asia. <b>Sinanthropus Pekinensis </b>yang ditemukan di Cina dan diperkirakan sezaman dengan <b>Pithecantropus Erectus </b>dari Indonesia, merupakan satu-satunya penemuan fosil manusia tertua di daratan Asia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketiga</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, masyarakat awal yang menempati wilayah Indonesia termasuk rumpun bangsa Melayu. Oleh karena itu, bangsa Melayu ditempatkan sebagai nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia. Argumen ini merujuk pada pendapat Hogen. Bangsa Melayu yang menjadi nenek moyang bangsa Indonesia dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 (dua), yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bangsa Proto Melayu atau Melayu Tua</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Orang Proto Melayu telah pandai membuat alat bercocok tanam, membuat barang pecah belah, dan alat perhiasan. Kehidupan mereka berpindah-pindah. Bangsa ini memasuki wilayah Indonesia melalui 2 (dua) jalan, yaitu: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jalan barat dari Semenanjung Malaka ke Sumatera dan selanjutnya menyebar ke beberapa daerah di Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jalan timur dari Semenanjung Malaka ke Filipina dan Minahasa, serta selanjutnya menyebar ke beberapa daerah di Indonesia. Bangsa Proto Melayu memiliki kebudayaan yang setingkat lebih tinggi dari kebudayaan Homo Sapiens di Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebuadayaan mereka adalah kebudayaan batu muda (neolitikum). Hasilhasil kebudayaan mereka masih terbuat dari batu, tetapi telah dikerjakan dengan baik sekali (halus). Kapak persegi merupakan hasil kebudayaan bangsa Proto Melayu yang masuk ke Indonesia melalui jalan barat dan kapak lonjong melalui jalan timur. Keturunan bangsa Proto Melayu yang masih hidup hingga sekarang, di antaranya adalah suku bangsa Dayak, Toraja, Batak, Papua.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bangsa Deutro Melayu atau Melayu Muda</span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejak tahun 500 SM, bangsa Deutro Melayu memasuki wilayah Indonesia secara bergelombang melalui jalan barat. Deutro melayu hidup secara berkelompok dan tinggal menetap disuatu tempat. Kebudayaan bangsa Deutro Melayu lebih tinggi dari kebudayaan bangsa Proto Melayu. Hasil kebudayaan mereka terbuat dari logam (perunggu dan besi). Kebuadayaan mereka sering disebut kebudayaan Don Song, yaitu suatu nama kebudayaan di daerah Tonkin yang memiliki kesamaan dengan kebudayaan bangsa Deutro Melayu. Daerah Tonkin diperkirakan merupakan tempat asal bangsa Deutro Melayu, sebelum menyebar ke wilayah Indonesia. Hasil-hasil kebudayaan perunggu yang penting di Indonesia adalah kapak corong atau kapak sepatu, nekara, dan bejana perunggu. Keturunan bangsa Deutro Melayu yang masih hidup hingga sekarang, di antaranya suku bangsa Melayu, Batak, Minang, Jawa, Bugis.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
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</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-14700344834560887242012-08-15T15:26:00.000+07:002012-08-15T15:26:01.733+07:00BAB II JENIS-JENIS MANUSIA PRASEJARAH<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB II JENIS-JENIS MANUSIA PRASEJARAH</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar Kompetensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Memahami Lingkungan Kehidupan Manusia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompetensi dasar<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Menjelaskan Kehidupan Pada Masa Prasejarah di Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alokasi Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2 X 40 menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan mempelajari bab ini, kamu diharapkan mampu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menjelaskan penemuan fosil manusia prasejarah;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasikan manusia zaman prasejarah di Indonesia; </span></div><div style="border-bottom: double windowtext 2.25pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="border: none; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-border-bottom-alt: double windowtext 2.25pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mengidentifikasikan manusia zaman prasejarah di Asia, Afrika, dan Eropa</span></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendalaman Materi/Konsep</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jenis manusia purba yang ditemukan di Indonesia memiliki usia yang sudah tua, hampir sama dengan penemuan manusia purba di negara-negara lainnya di dunia. Bahkan Indonesia dapat dikatakan mewakili penemuan manusia purba di daratan Asia. Daerah penemuan manusia purba di Indonesia tersebar di beberapa tempat, khususnya di Jawa. Penelitian tentang manusia purba di Indonesia telah lama dilakukan. Para peneliti itu antara lain: Eugene Dubois, G.H.R Von Koenigswald, dan Franz Wedenreich. Berikut ini jenis-jenis manusia purba yang ditemukan di Indonesia.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Manusia Prasejarah di Indonesia</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pithecanthropus erectus (Manusia kera yang berjalan tegak)</span></i></b></div><div class="Pa6" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 19.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Jenis manusia ini ditemukan oleh seorang dokter dari Belanda bernama Eugene Dubois pada tahun 1890 di dekat Trinil, sebuah desa di pinggir Bengawan Solo, tak jauh dari Ngawi (Madiun). Pithecanthropus Erectus diambil dari kata <i>pithekos </i>= kera, <i>anthropus </i>= manusia, <i>erectus </i>= berjalan tegak. Jadi Pithecanthropus Erectus artinya manusia-kera yang berjalan tegak. Jenis manusia ini menurut para ahli kemampuan berpikirnya masih rendah karena volume otaknya 900 cc, sedangkan volume otak manusia modern lebih dari 1000cc. Kemudian kalau dibandingkan dengan kera, volume otak kera tertinggi 600 cc. Jadi, jenis manusia purba ini belum mencapai taraf ukuran otak manusia modern. Diperkirakan jenis manusia ini hidup antara 1 juta-600.000 tahun yang lalu atau pada zaman paleolithikum (zaman batu tua).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 19.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fosil sejenis Pithecantropus lainnya ditemukan oleh G.H.R Von Koenigswald pada tahun 1936 di dekat Mojokerto. Dari gigi tengkorak diperkirakan usia fosil ini belum melebihi usia 5 tahun. Kemungkinan tengkorak tersebut anak dari Pithecanthropus Erectus dan von Koenigswald menyebutnya dengan nama Pithecantropus Mojokertensis. Von Koenigswald di tempat yang sama menemukan fosil yang diberi nama Pithecantropus Robustus.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 19.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis (Manusia kera dari Mojo)</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 1936, von Koenigswald di daerah Mojokerto menemukan fosil tengkorak anak-anak yang diperkirakan belum melewati usia 5 tahun. Diperkirakan fosil ini merupakan anak <i>Pithecantropus Erectus</i>. Fosil ini dinamakan <i>Pithecanthropus Mojokertensis</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pithecanthropus Soloensis(Manusia kera dari Solo)</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sebelum menemukan <i>Meganthropus palaeojavanicus</i>, pada tahun 1931 Von Koenigswald juga berhasil menemukan tengkorak dan tulang kering yang mirip dengan <i>Pithecanthropus erectus </i>temuan Dubois. Fosil tersebut kemudian diberi nama <i>Pithecanthropus soloensis </i>berarti manusia kera dari Solo yang ditemukan di Sambungmacan dan Sangiran.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Meganthropus Paleojavanicus (manusia besar dari zaman Batu<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span>di Jawa)</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada tahun 1941, von Koeningwald di daerah menemukan sebagian tulang rahang bawah yang jauh lebih besar dan kuat dari rahang Pithecanthropus. Geraham-gerahamnya menunjukkan corak-corak kemanusiaan, tetapi banyak pula sifat keranya. Von Koeningwald menganggap mahluk ini lebih tua daripada Pithecanthropus. Mahluk ini ia beri nama Meganthropuis Paleojavanicus (<i>mega </i>= besar), karena bentuk tubuhnya yang lebih besar. Diperkirakan hidup pada 2 juta sampai satu juta tahun yang lalu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Homo Soloensis (Manusia dari Solo)</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hampir bersamaan dengan penemuan <i>Meganthropus palaeojavanicus</i>, Von Koenigswald menemukan pula sebuah<i> </i>tengkorak manusia yang memiliki volume otak lebih besar<i> </i>dari manusia-manusia jenis <i>Pithecanthropus</i>. Struktur<i> </i>tengkorak manusia ini tidak mirip dengan kera. Karena itu,<i> </i>fosil ini diberi nama <i>Homo soloensis </i>yang artinya manusia<i> </i>dari Solo.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Homo <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Wajakensis (manusia dari Wajak)</span></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fosil tengkorak manusia yang mirip dengan penemuan Von Koenigswald pernah pula ditemukan sebelumnya oleh seorang penambang batu marmer bernama B.D. Vonn Rietschotten pada tahun 1889. Fosil tersebut kemudian diteliti oleh Eugene Dubois dan diberi nama <i>Homo wajakensis</i>, artinya manusia dari Wajak.</span></div><div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Homo Sapiens (Manusia Cerdas)</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Homo Sapiens merupakan manusia yang paling maju dan paling cerdik. Homo Sapiens, artinya manusia yang cerdas. Homo Sapiens hidup pada masa Holosen dan memiliki bentuk fisik yang yang hampir sama dengan manusia zaman sekarang. Fosil ini ditemukan oleh Von Rietschoten pada tahun 1889, di Desa Wajak, Campur Darat, Tuluanggung, Jawa Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Homo Sapiens yang terdapat di Indonesia sudah ada pada zaman Mesolithikum dan mereka sudah mengenal tempat tinggal secara menetap serta mengumpulkan makanan dan menangkap ikan. Kebudayaannya disebut kebudayaan Mesolithikum yang mendapat pengaruh dari kebudayaan Bacson-Hoabinh dari Indo-Cina (Vietnam).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">INFORMASI</span></i></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Perkampungan ”Pygmi” di Flores</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Di Kabupaten Manggarai, Pulau Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur ditemukan sebuah perkampungan masyarakat pygmi atau katai. Apa keistimewaan perkampungan ini? Menurut para ahli arkeologi, perkampungan ini menyimpan sejumlah misteri. Saat tahun 2004 para ahli mempublikasikan temuannya tentang fosil manusia kerdil yang diberi nama Homo floresiensis, perkampungan ini luput dari perhatian mereka. Penelitian mereka hanya terfokus pada fosil dan beragam bentuk peninggalan yang ada di dalam gua Liang Bua. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 1.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut Prof. Dr. Teuku Jacob, keberadaan masyarakat pygmi sangat menarik dan mengejutkan karena selama bertahun-tahun para ahli hanya berkutat dengan jejak manusia purba melalui fosil. Akan tetapi, tidak pernah terbayangkan bahwa di sekitar kawasan itu terdapat sebuah komunitas masyarakat katai yang hingga kini masih hidup dan bertahan. Mengapa mereka bisa hidup selama ribuan tahun tanpa pernah berpindah-pindah? </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 1.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kawasan Nusa Tenggara Timur memang telah menjadi objek penelitian para antropolog Belanda. Mereka berpendapat bahwa penduduk setempat mempunyai ukuran tinggi badan yang agak pendek. Menurut penelitian Biljmer tahun 1929 lebih dari 50 persen penduduk setempat memiliki ukuran tinggi badan sekitar 155–163 cm. Bahkan, menurut warga setempat, ada orang-orang bertubuh pendek dengan warna kulit kehitam-hitaman (Negrito) yang tinggal di perbukitan dan bersembunyi di gua-gua. Menurut Jacob, tinggi orang Negrito itu berkisar 155–163 cm maka sebutannya adalah pygmoid. Akan tetapi, masyarakat di Rampasasa itu adalah pygmi atau katai karena tinggi badan mereka di bawah 145 cm untuk laki-laki dewasa dan wanita dewasanya hanya sekitar 135 cm. Berat badan pria maksimal 40 kg dan wanitanya rata-rata 30 kg. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-line-height-alt: 1.0pt; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perlu diketahui bahwa katai memang berbeda dengan kerdil. Istilah kerdil menunjukkan ukuran badan mengecil dengan proporsi rusak atau tidak beraturan, sementara itu katai ukurannya kecil secara proporsional. Pada akhir tahun 2004 Prof. Dr. R.P. Soejono dan Dr. M.J. Morwood melakukan penggalian di Liang Bua, Flores. Mereka menemukan tengkorak manusia dengan tinggi badan sekitar 130 cm dengan besar otaknya sepertiga manusia sekarang. Spesies inilah yang kemudian dikenal dengan Homo floresiensis atau Manusia Flores.</span></div><div class="Default" style="text-indent: 19.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Manusia Prasejarah di Asia, Afrika, dan Eropa</span></i></b></div><div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Manusia Prasejarah di Asia</span></i></b></div><div class="Default" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Penemuan fosil manusia zaman prasejarah di Asia antara lain terjadi di Peking. Namanya Homo erectus pekinensis, atau manusia Peking (disebut juga dengan nama manusia Beijing atau Sinanthropus Pekinensis). Ditemukan oleh Davidson Son Black dan Franz Waidenreich pada tahun 1929-1980 didalam gua Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien), dekat Beijing (Peking), Cina. Diduga fosil ini hidup pada 250.000-400.000 tahun yang lalau, pada zaman Pleistosen.</span></div><div class="Default" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Manusia Prasejarah di Eropa</span></i></b></div><div class="Default" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Di benua Eropa, pada tahun 1856 diketemukan fosil manusia zaman prasejarah berupa tempurung kepala dan beberapa tulang anggota tubuh yang diberi nama Homo Neanderthalensis, oleh Rudolph Virchou. Tepatnya di Gua Neanderthal, dekat Dusseldorf. Diperkirakan mahluk ini hidup pada pertengahan alhir Pleistosen, ± 500.000 sampai 50.000 yang lalu. Pada tahun tahun 1868, ditemukan fosil Homo Cro-Magnon di gua Cro_Magnon dekat kota Les Eyzies. Ciri fisiknya mendekati manusia masa kini, umurnya sekitar 40.000-25.000 tahun yang lalu.</span></div><div class="Default" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="Default" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Manusia Prasejarah di Afrika</span></i></b></div><div class="Default" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ditemukan fosil Homo Rhodesiensis di gua Broken Hill, Rhodesia (sekarang Zimbabwe) pada tahun 1924 oleh Robert Brom. Selain itu, ditemukan pula fosil Australopithecus Africanus di Taung dekat Vryburg, Afrika Selatan pada tahun 1924 oleh Raymond Dart. </span></div><div class="Default" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="Default"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">REFLEKSI</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah mempelajari Bab ini, apakah kalian sudah memiliki kemampuan untuk menjelaskan jenis-jenis manusia prasejarah dengan berbagai ciri-cirinya? Apabila belum, apa yang harus kalian lakukan?</span></div><div class="Default" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="Default"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">TUGAS</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebutkan jenis-jenis manusia purba yang ditemukan di Indonesia dan di luar Indonesia, penemu, tempat dan tahun penemuannya!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-57305388150015800632012-08-15T15:19:00.000+07:002012-08-15T15:19:29.312+07:00<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB VII KERAJAAN-KERAJAAN HINDU-BUDDHA DI INDONESIA</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar Kompetensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: memahami Perkembangan Masyarakat Sejak Masa Hindu-Buddha Sampai Masa </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kolonial Eropa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompetensi dasar<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Mendeskripsikan perkembangan masyarakat, kebudayaan dan pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada masa Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia serta peninggalan-peninggalannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alokasi Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 4 X 40 menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan mempelajari bab ini, kamu diharapkan mampu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mendeskripsikan perkembangan kerajaan-kerajaan Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasikan contoh peninggalan sejarah bercorak HindBudha di berbagai daerah di Indonesia;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri peninggalan sejarah bercorak Hindu-Buddha di berbagai daerah di Indonesia;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendalaman Materi/Konsep</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah tersebarnya agama dan kebudayaan Hindu- Buddha, terbentuk pula sistem kerajaan berbasis agama. Pada masa kerajaan-kerajaan inilah, tradisi agama dan kebudayaan Hindu-Buddha di Kepulauan Indonesia berkembang dengan pesat. Berikut kronologis perkembangan kerajaan-kerajaan Hindu-Buddha.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Kutai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kutai merupakan kerajaan Hindu tertua di Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan ini terletak di tepi Sungai Mahakam, Kalimantan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Timur. Informasi mengenai kerajaan ini diperoleh dari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tujuh prasasti yang disebut <i>yupa </i>berbentuk <i>menhir </i>atau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tiang batu yang ditemukan di Muarakaman tepi Sungai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mahakam. <i>Yupa </i>ini menggunakan bahasa Sanskerta dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">huruf Pallawa yang diperkirakan ditulis pada 400 M.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari segi bahasa, huruf, dan isi tulisannya, pengaruh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">India dalam <i>yupa </i>Kutai sangat kuat. Hal tersebut juga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">merupakan bukti tertulis pertama yang menunjukkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya pengaruh Hindu di Indonesia. Pada salah satu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yupa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, diperoleh berita tentang nama raja-raja yang berkuasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di Kerajaan Kutai, yaitu Kudungga, Aswawarman, dan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mulawarman. Nama Kudungga sebagai pendiri kerajaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">merupakan nama Indonesia asli, namun anak-anaknya yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">merupakan penggantinya menggunakan nama India.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu <i>yupa </i>lain, memuat berita tentang Raja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mulawarman yang disebut sebagai seorang raja besar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang mulia dan baik budinya. Kebaikan raja tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diwujudkan dalam bentuk pemberian hadiah 1000 ekor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sapi dan hadiah tanah kepada golongan Brahmana. Dari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berita <i>yupa </i>tersebut dapat juga diketahui bahwa pada</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">masa pemerintahan Raja Mulawarman, Kerajaan Kutai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">merupakan kerajaan yang kaya dan makmur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -.05pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Tarumanagara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Hindu tertua kedua setelah Kerajaan Kutai, yaitu Kerajaan Tarumanagara di Jawa Barat. Kerajaan tersebut didirikan sekitar 400 M. Kerajaan Tarumanagara adalah kerajaan bercorak Hindu dengan salah satu rajanya bernama Purnawarman. Wilayah ke rajaannya meliputi hampir seluruh Jawa Barat, yang membentang dari Banten, Jakarta, Bogor, dan Cirebon.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bukti keberadaan Kerajaan Tarumanagara, yaitu ditemukan nya batu bertulis (prasasti) di daerah Bogor, Jawa Barat di tepi Sungai Ciaruteun dekat Muara Cisadane. Dalam batu bertulis ini terdapat gambar telapak kaki, seperti telapak kaki Dewa Wisnu. Selain itu, terdapat tulisan dengan menggunakan huruf Pallawa dan bahasa Sanskerta dalam bentuk syair.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam prasasti yang ditemukan di daerah Tugu, Cilincing, Bekasi, tertulis bahwa Raja Purnawarman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memerintahkan untuk membuat saluran air Sungai Gomati sepanjang 6.612 busur (12 km) dalam waktu 21 hari. Setelah selesai, diselengarakan selamatan dengan memberikan 1000 ekor sapi kepada para Brahmana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti lain yang membuktikan keberadaan Kerajaan Tarumanagara, yaitu sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Kebon Kopi ditemukan di Cibungbulang, Bogor. Pada prasasti ini terdapat gambar dua telapak kaki gajah Airawata, gajah kendaraan Dewa Wisnu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Pasir Koleangkak (Prasasti Jambu) ditemukan di daerah perkebunan Jambu sekitar 30 km dari Kota Bogor. Prasasti ini berisi sanjungan kebesaran, kegagahan, dan keberanian Raja Purnawarman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Cidanghiang atau Lebak ditemukan di Desa Lebak di pinggir Sungai Cidanghiang, Kecamatan Munjul, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Provinsi Banten. Prasasti ini berisi kata-kata pujian kebesaran dan keagungan Raja Purnawarman.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Pasir Awi, Leuwiliang, Bogor. Isi prasasti ini belum bisa dibaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Muara Cianten, Bogor. Isi prasasti ini belum bisa dibaca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keseluruhan prasasti yang ditemukan tersebut ditulis dalam huruf Pallawa dan bahasa Sanskerta. Selain prasasti, dijumpai pula arca. Rajarsi termasuk arca tua. Tempat ditemukannya arca ini tidak diketahui dengan pasti, hanya diperkirakan ditemukan di daerah Jakarta. Selanjutnya, di Cibuaya ditemukan juga dua buah arca Wisnu yang mempunyai kesamaan dengan arca di Semenanjung Melayu, Kamboja, dan Thailand.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan ketujuh buah prasasti, di ketahui kehidupan sosial masyarakat Kerajaan Tarumanagara berpusat pada ke giatan pertanian. Kehidupan ekonomi penduduk kerajaan diketahui dari catatan perjalanan penjelajah Cina Fa Hien pada 414 M. Ia menyebutkan, di Pulau Jawa (<i>To</i>-<i>lomo</i>= Taruma) sudah ada masyarakat penganut agama Hindu di bidang pertanian, peternakan, perburuan binatang, dan perdagangan cula badak, kulit penyu, dan perak.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Malayu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapat perbedaan pendapat di antara para ahli sejarah me ngenai letak ibu Kota Malayu. Ada yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mengatakan kerajaan ini berpusat di Jambi di sepanjang Sungai Batanghari, ada juga yang mengata kan ber pusat di Semenanjung Malaysia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut I-Tsing, Kerajaan Malayu telah ditaklukkan Kerajaan Sriwijaya sejak 692 M. Informasi tentang kerajaan ini baru dapat dilacak kembali dalam Kitab <i>Pararaton </i>dan <i>Negarakertagama</i>. Di sebut kan bahwa Raja Singhasari, yaitu Kertanegara mengadakan Eskpe disi Pamalayu pada 1275 M untuk menaklukkan Kerajaan Malayu di Sumatra.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada pertengahan abad ke-14 M, berita tentang Kerajaan Malayu muncul pada saat pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adityawarman. Di bawah pemerintahannya, Kerajaan Malayu dapat meluaskan kekuasaan nya ke daerah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Minangkabau pada 1347 M. Setelah turun takhta pada 1375 M, Adityawarman digantikan oleh Anangwarman. Namun, informasi mengenai masa pemerintahan Anangwarman tidak banyak diketahui.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Sriwijaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Informasi tentang Kerajaan Sriwijaya diperoleh dari sumber dalam dan luar negeri. Sumber yang berasal dari dalam negeri berupa prasasti-prasasti yang ditulis dalam huruf Pallawa dan bahasa Sanskerta bercampur dengan bahasa Melayu Kuno yang tersebar di daerah Sumatra Selatan dan Pulau Bangka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti yang membuktikan keberadaan Kerajaan Sriwijaya adalah sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Kedukan Bukit ditemukan di tepi Sungai Batang dekat Kota Palembang berangka tahun 683 M. Prasasti ini menjelaskan bahwa ada seorang bernama Dapunta Hyang yang melakukan perjalanan ke Minangatamwan dengan menaiki perahu yang membawa 20.000 tentara. Dalam perjalanan tersebut, mereka berhasil menaklukkan daerah yang dilaluinya serta membawa kemenangan dan kemak muran bagi Kerajaan Sriwijaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Talang Tuo ditemukan di sebelah barat Kota Palembang, yakni di Kota Talang Tuo dengan angka tahun 684 M. Prasasti tersebut menceritakan tentang pembuatan taman yang bernama Srikerta atas perintah Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanaga. Prasasti ini merupakan peninggalan agama Buddha Mahayana dan ditulis dalam bentuk syair.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Telaga Batu ditemukan di daerah Palembang dan berangka tahun 683 M. Prasasti ini menceritakan kutukan-kutukan atas kejahatan yang dilakukan karena tidak taat kepada raja serta tentang penyusunan ketatanegaraan Sriwijaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Palas Pasemah ditemukan di daerah Palas Pasemah tepi Sungai Anak Pisang, anak Sungai Sekapung di wilayah Lampung Selatan. Prasasti ini menunjukkan bahwa Kerajaan Sriwijaya me nundukkan daerah Lampung Selatan pada akhir abad ke-7 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Karang Berahi ditemukan di hulu Sungai Merangin yang merupakan cabang Sungai Batanghari. Diperkirakan prasasti ini dibuat pada 686 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Kota Kapur ditemukan di Sungai Menduk di Pulau Bangka. Prasasti yang ber angka tahun 686 M ini berisi usaha Kerajaan Sriwijaya untuk menaklukkan Jawa yang tidak setia kepada Kerajaan Sriwijaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dari ketiga prasasti pertama yang ditemukan di dekat Kota Palembang menunjukkan bahwa ibu kota Sriwijaya bukan di Palembang, tetapi di sekitar hulu Sungai Indragiri, di sekitar aliran Sungai Batangkuantan. Dua prasasti terakhir me nunjukkan bahwa Pulau Bangka dan Jambi Hulu telah ditaklukkan oleh Kerajaan Sriwijaya pada 686 M. Adapun sumber asing mengenai Kerajaan Sriwijaya diperoleh dari berita-berita para pengembara Cina, India (Prasasti Nalanda dan Cola), Sri Lanka, Arab, Persia, dan Prasasti Ligor di Tanah Genting Kra Malaysia yang berangka tahun 775 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Sriwijaya mengalami masa keemasan pada masa pemerintahan Raja Balaputradewa. Ditandai dengan tumbuh nya perdagangan di perairan Sriwijaya sebagai jalur perdagang an internasional. Sementara itu, di bidang agama Kerajaan Sriwijaya menjadi pusat kajian dan pusat penyebaran agama Buddha di Asia Tenggara. Salah seorang guru agama Buddha Sriwijaya yang terkenal ialah Sakyakirti. Di kerajaan ini pula, I-Tsing mener jemahkan naskah-naskah suci agama Buddha dari bahasa Sanskerta ke dalam bahasa Cina.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa keemasannya, wilayah Kerajaan Sriwijaya meliputi Sumatra, Jawa Barat, Kalimantan Barat, Bangka, Belitung, Malaysia, Singapura, dan Thailand Selatan. Walaupun demikian, hubung an baik dengan negaranegara tetangganya tidak selamanya bisa dipertahankan. Seperti halnya pada abad ke-11 M, Sriwijaya mendapat serangan dari Kerajaan Cola, India. Dalam serangan itu, Raja Sriwijaya Sanggrama Wijayatunggawarman ditawan. Namun, kerajaan ini masih tetap bertahan dan dapat menguasai jalur dagang di Selat Malaka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 1275 M, salah satu kerajaan taklukkan Sriwijaya, yaitu Kerajaan Malayu berhasil dikuasai Singhasari, yang dipimpin oleh Raja Kertanegara melalui Ekspedisi Pamalayu. Raja Kertanegara berhasil menjalin hubungan baik dengan Kerajaan Malayu. Kondisi Kerajaan Sriwijaya yang melemah tidak dapat mencegah negara taklukkannya menjalin hubungan dengan negara saingannya di Jawa. Kelemahan Sriwijaya dimanfaatkan oleh Kerajaan Sukhodaya dari Thailand di bawah Raja Kamheng yang berhasil merebut Semenanjung Malaysia dan menguasai Selat Malaka. Pada akhir abad ke-14 M, Sriwijaya benar-benar runtuh akibat serangan Kerajaan Majapahit dari Jawa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Kaling dan Kanjuruhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Kaling adalah kerajaan bercorak Buddha di Jawa Tengah yang berdiri sekitar abad ke-7 M. Ratunya bernama Sima dan memerintah sekitar 674 M. Sumber yang menunjukkan keberadaan kerajaan ini adalah sumber dari Cina mengenai kunjungan seorang pendeta bernama Hwi-Ning (664–666 M) ke Holing, sebutan Cina untuk kerajaan ini. Selama tiga tahun, pendeta itu tinggal di Kaling. Dia sempat menerjemahkan Kitab agama Buddha Hinayana ke dalam bahasa Cina. Penerjemahan Kitab tersebut mendapat bantuan dari seorang pendeta terkemuka Kaling bernama Jnanabhadra.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berita dari Cina menyebutkan bahwa pada 742–755 M Raja Kiyen sebagai penguasa Holing memerintahkan pemindahan kerajaan ke Desa Kejuron, Jawa Timur yang menandai berdirinya Kerajaan Kanjuruhan. Kerajaan Kanjuruhan mempunyai raja bernama Dewa Simwa. Kekuasaan Dewa Simwa diwariskan kepada anaknya yang bernama Limwa. Limwa yang kemudian disebut Gajayana membangun tempat pemujaan Dewa Agastya. Keterangan ini diperoleh dari Prasasti Dinoyo sekitar 760 M. Peninggalan Kerajaan Kanjuruhan yang masih tersisa adalah Candi Badut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Mataram Hindu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Awal abad ke-8 M, di Jawa Tengah muncul Kerajaan Mataram Hindu yang menganut agama Hindu Syiwa. Raja pertamanya ialah Sanna yang terkenal cakap dan bijaksana dalam menjalankan pemerintahan. Pada masa itu, bidang pertanian merupakan salah satu bidang yang berhasil mencapai kemajuan. Mataram kemudian berkembang menjadi kerajaan penghasil beras terbesar di Pulau Jawa. Selain itu, kerajaan ini juga banyak menghasilkan emas. Namun setelah Raja Sanna meninggal, rakyat kehilangan seorang pelindung sehingga Mataram mulai mengalami kemunduran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di dalam Kerajaan Mataram Hindu terdapat dua keluarga atau wangsa yang berkuasa. Keluarga tersebut, yaitu Wangsa Sanjaya dan Wangsa Syailendra.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wangsa Sanjaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di daerah Sungai Progo di Gunung Wukir, Desa Canggal sebelah barat daya Kota Magelang ditemukan sebuah prasasti, yaitu Prasasti Canggal. Prasasti ini berangka tahun 732 M dengan huruf Pallawa dan bahasa Sanskerta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Isi Prasasti Canggal menjelaskan bahwa di Desa Kunjarakunja telah didirikan sebuah lingga yoni (lambang Dewa Syiwa) oleh Raja Sanjaya. Dengan ditemukannya prasasti ini, diketahui bahwa raja yang terkenal saat itu ialah Raja Sanjaya. Raja Sanjaya berusaha keras untuk mengembalikan masa kejayaan Kerajaan Mataram seperti ketika dipimpin oleh pamannya, yaitu Raja Sana. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Raja Sanjaya menjalankan pemerintahan nya dengan berwibawa. Sanjaya juga terkenal sebagai pemimpin yang adil dan bijaksana, serta taat kepada agama Hindu Syiwa. Sebagai seorang ahli Kitab suci, Raja Sanjaya menganjurkan agar rakyatnya mempelajari serta memperdalam ilmu pengetahuan dan agama. Mataram di bawah pemeritahan Raja Sanjaya semakin masyhur dan bertambah luas wilayahnya. Oleh karena keberanian dan keber hasilannya, Sanjaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memperoleh gelar Rakai Mataram Sang Ratu Sanjaya. Keterangan tentang hal tersebut terdapat dalam Prasasti Kedu atau Prasasti Mantyasih yang berangka tahun 907 M. Prasasti ini juga menjelaskan bahwa raja-raja Mataram sampai abad ke-10 M merupakan keturunan Wangsa Sanjaya yang menganut agama Hindu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kehidupan keagamaan Hindu Syiwa pada masa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">peme rintahan Wangsa Sanjaya terbina dengan baik.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal ini menarik banyak pendeta Hindu India yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berkunjung ke Kerajaan Mataram serta menetap di istana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebagai penasihat keagamaan. Keadaan ini membuka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kesempatan bagi rakyat Mataram untuk belajar serta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memperda lam ajaran Hindu Syiwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peninggalan berupa Candi Sewu, Candi Prambanan,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan kompleks Candi Dieng sebagai tempat pemujaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan kuburan raja-raja Mataram menunjukkan bahwa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">agama Hindu berkembang dengan baik. Kompleks</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Candi Dieng merupa kan kelompok candi yang istimewa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seni arsitekturnya merupakan perpaduan corak Hindu-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawa yang dilengkapi rumah pendeta Brahmana untuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">penginapan para pengembara yang memasuki Kerajaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mataram.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Wangsa Syailendra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengganti Raja Sanjaya ialah Rakai Panangkaran. Masa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pemerintahannya diwarnai berbagai pemberontakan dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kerusuhan. Pada 775–850 M, Rakai Panangkaran tidak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mampu mem per tahan kan diri lagi dan dapat ditaklukkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">oleh Wangsa Syailendra. Pusat pemerintahan kemudian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dipindahkan ke daerah Bagelen dekat Yogyakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peristiwa ini diketahui dari Prasasti Kalasan yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ditemukan di Desa Kalasan, sebelah timur Yogyakarta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang diperkirakan dibuat pada 778 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal yang menarik dalam Prasasti Kalasan ini, yaitu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">hurufnya ditulis dalam bahasa Sanskerta dan huruf</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pranagari yang berasal dari India Utara. Hal ini berbeda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan prasasti-prasasti yang dibuat oleh raja-raja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wangsa Sanjaya yang menggunakan huruf Pallawa yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berasal dari India Selatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di bawah kekuasaan raja-raja Wangsa Syailendra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang menganut agama Buddha, Kerajaan Mataram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kembali mengalami masa kejayaan. Ilmu pengetahuan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">rakyat Mataram berkembang pesat. Demikian pula</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kesenian, terutama seni pahat yang banyak mendapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perhatian masyarakat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Prasasti Mantyasih atau Prasasti Kedu yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dibuat pada masa pemerintahan Watukara Dyah Balitung,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">silsilah raja-raja Mataram ialah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Rakai Mataram Sang Ratu Sanjaya,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Sri Maharaja Rakai Panangkaran,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Sri Maharaja Rakai Panunggalan,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) Sri Maharaja Rakai Warak,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5) Sri Maharaja Rakai Garung,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6) Sri Maharaja Rakai Pikatan,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7) Sri Maharaja Rakai Kayuwangi,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8) Sri Maharaja Rakai Watuhumalang, dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9) Sri Maharaja Rakai Watukara Dyah Balitung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain dari silsilah tersebut, Kerajaan Mataram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">juga dipimpin oleh seorang raja bernama Indra yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berhasil mengangkat Mataram semakin mahsyhur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berita ini terdapat dalam prasasti yang dibuat pada 782</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M, yaitu Prasasti Klurak. Prasasti ini ditulis dalam huruf</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pranagari dengan bahasa Sanskerta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa pemerintahan Raja Indra yang berlangsung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sekitar tahun 780 M, Mataram berhasil mempersatukan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Sriwijaya. Pemerintahan Raja Indra ini terus</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berlangsung sampai sekitar 850 M. Pada masa pemerintahannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang bergelar <i>Sri Sanggramadananjaya </i>dibangun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tempat-tempat suci, seperti Candi Sri, Candi Pawon, dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Candi Mendut sebagai tempat pemujaan pemeluk agama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buddha.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selanjutnya, Kerajaan Mataram dipimpin oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Samaratungga. Pada masa pemerintahan raja inilah Candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Borobudur dibangun. Sepeninggal Raja Samaratungga,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kekuasaan Wangsa Syailendra mulai mengalami kemunduran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Raja Samaratungga mem punyai dua anak yang berlainan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ibu, yaitu seorang putri bernama Pramodhawardhani</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan seorang putra bernama Balaputradewa. Pada 832 M,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pramodhawardhani menikah dengan Rakai Pikatan seorang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">raja dari Wangsa Sanjaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkawinan antara Pramodhawardhani dan Rakai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pikatan tidak disetujui oleh Balaputradewa. Terjadilah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perselisihan antara Rakai Pikatan dan Balaputradewa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pada 856 M. Rakai Pikatan dalam peperangan berhasil</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mengalahkan Balaputradewa. Balaputradewa bersama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pengikutnya melarikan diri ke Swarnadwipa (Pulau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumatra) dan berhasil menguasai Sriwijaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rakai Pikatan dari Wangsa Sanjaya kembali menguasai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Mataram yang meliputi daerah Jawa Tengah dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawa Timur. Candi-candi untuk memuja dewa Buddha dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hindu dibangun pada masa pemerintahan Rakai Pikatan,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">misalnya Candi Roro Jongrang atau dikenal sebagai Candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prambanan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengganti Rakai Pikatan, yaitu Rakai Kayuwangi atau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Empu Kayuwangi yang memerintah pada 856–886 M. Rakai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kayuwangi adalah seorang pemeluk agama Hindu Syiwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kedudukan Rakai Kayuwangi kemudian digantikan oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dyah Balitung yang memerintah pada akhir abad ke-9 M</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sampai dengan awal abad ke-10 M. Dyah Balitung bergelar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rakai Watukara dan memerintah di sekitar Sungai Brantas,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawa Timur. Raja-raja yang memerintah Kerajaan Mataram</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">selanjutnya, yaitu Raja Daksa (910–919 M), Raja Tulodong</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(919–924 M), dan Raja Wawa (924–929 M).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7. Kerajaan Medang Kamulan dan Jenggala</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akhir abad ke-9 M, di Indonesia terdapat dua kerajaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">besar, yaitu Mataram di Pulau Jawa dan Sriwijaya di Pulau</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumatra. Kedudukan Kerajaan Sriwijaya semakin kuat dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berhasil menguasai hampir seluruh Kepulauan Nusantara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan politik perdagangan dan ekspansinya. Armada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">laut Kerajaan Sriwijaya terkenal kuat dalam pengamanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perairan Nusantara, terutama Selat Malaka. Keadaan ini</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tentu saja mengancam kedudukan Kerajaan Mataram. Oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">karena itu, Kerajaan Mataram dipindahkan ke wilayah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sekitar Kali Brantas, Jawa Timur oleh Empu Sindok.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan yang didirikan pada 929 M oleh Empu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sindok dari Wangsa Isana merupakan leluhur bagi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kerajaan-kerajaan di Pulau Jawa. Kekuasaan kerajaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang dipimpin oleh Empu Sindok yang bergelar <i>Sri</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Maharaja Rakai I Hino Sri Isana Wikrama Dharmatunggadewa</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ini meliputi Kota Sidoarjo sampai Kediri sekarang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam menjalankan pemerintahannya Empu Sindok</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dibantu oleh istrinya Dyah Kebi, putri Raja Wawa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Empu Sindok memerintah dengan adil dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bijaksana. Ia berusaha untuk memakmurkan rakyatnya,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di antaranya membangun bendungan untuk pengairan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam menjalankan kehidupan keagamaan, Empu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sindok memberikan kebebasan kepada rakyatnya untuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memeluk agama yang disukainya, baik Hindu maupun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buddha. Oleh karena itu, rakyatnya merasa hidup</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">aman dan tenteram secara berdampingan. Perhatiannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terhadap masalah agama sangat besar. Hal ini terbukti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan dibuku kannya Kitab agama Buddha, <i>Sang</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hyang Kamahayanikan </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang menandai dianutnya agama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buddha Tantrayana. Empu Sindok sangat menghormati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pemeluk agama lainnya, meskipun beliau sendiri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">beragama Hindu Syiwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah Empu Sindok wafat, ia digantikan oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">anak perempuannya bernama Sri Isanatunggawijaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang menikah dengan Lokapala. Dari hasil perkawinan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ini, lahirlah Makutawangsawardhana yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menggantikan ibunya sebagai raja Medang. Kelak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dari Makutawangsawardhana, lahirlah seorang putra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bernama Dharmawangsa Teguh dan Mahendradatta yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menikah dengan Raja Udayana dari Bali dan menurunkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seorang anak laki-laki bernama Airlangga.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 1016 M, Dharmawangsa Teguh meninggal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">akibat serangan dari Raja Wurawari saat menikahkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">putrinya dengan Airlangga, putra Raja Udayana dari Bali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peristiwa ini terkenal dengan sebutan pralaya. Dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pralaya tersebut, Airlangga dapat melarikan diri bersama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">para pengikutnya di bawah pimpinan Narottama. Mereka</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bersembunyi bersama para pertapa di hutan Gunung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pananggungan, Wonogiri. Baru pada 1019 M, Airlangga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dinobatkan sebagai raja pengganti Dharmawangsa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teguh dengan gelar <i>Sri Maharaja Rake Halu Sri Lokeswara</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dharmawangsa Airlangga Anantawikramattunggadewa</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebelum Airlangga memindahkan ibu kota kerajaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ke Kahuripan (Jenggala), ia berhasil mengalahkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">musuh-musuhnya dan dapat merebut kembali seluruh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">wilayah kerajaan yang memang dianggap menjadi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">haknya. Ia berhasil memulihkan wibawa Wangsa Isana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan menaklukkan musuh-musuhnya, antara lain</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Raja Bhisaprabhawa pada 1029 M, Raja Wijayawarman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dari Wengker pada 1030 M, Raja Adhamapanuda pada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1031 M, dan Raja Wurawari pada 1035 M. Airlangga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pun akhirnya dapat kembali menguasai seluruh Jawa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tengah, Jawa Timur, dan Bali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa hal penting dalam masa pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Airlangga, antara lain, diperbaikinya Pelabuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hujung Galuh di Muara Kali Brantas dan pembangunan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bendungan besar di Waringin Sapta. Pelabuhan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tuban dan Hujung Galuh kemudian menjadi bandar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perdagangan yang ramai. Banyak pedagang asing</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">singgah di kedua pelabuhan itu, seperti pedagang dari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">India, Burma, Kamboja, dan Champa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Airlangga membangun bendungan besar di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Waringin Sapta pada 1037 M. Prasasti tersebut menyebut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kan berita mengenai meluapnya Kali Brantas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang mengakibatkan tanaman rusak, lalu lintas sungai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terganggu, dan hubungan dengan luar negeri terputus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akhirnya, Airlangga memerintah kan untuk mem bangun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bendungan Waringin Sapta agar aliran air Kali Brantas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dapat kembali mengalir ke Utara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kejayaan Airlangga pada masa pemerintahannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di cerita kan secara simbolik oleh Empu Kanwa dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kitab <i>Arjunawiwaha</i>. Isi Kitab tersebut merupakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kiasan terhadap hasil jerih payah Airlangga. Airlangga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kemudian mengundur kan diri sebagai raja untuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menjadi Resi Gentayu. Airlangga meninggal pada 1049</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M dan disemayamkan di kompleks Candi Belahan di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lereng Gunung Penanggungan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8. Kerajaan Kediri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah berdirinya Kerajaan Kediri berawal dari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pembagian Kerajaan Jenggala oleh Raja Airlangga untuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menghindari perpecahan di antara kedua putranya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembagian kerajaan ini dilakukan oleh Empu Bharada.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Jenggala kemudian dibagi dua, yaitu Kerajaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenggala dengan ibu kota Kahuripan dan Kerajaan Kediri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan ibu kota Daha. Kedua kerajaan ini dibatasi oleh Kali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brantas. Akan tetapi, perpecahan tetap saja terjadi karena</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">setelah Airlangga wafat pada 1049 M, terjadi perang saudara. Kerajaan Kediri lebih unggul dibandingkan dengan Kerajaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenggala. Samarawijaya kemudian menjadi raja Kediri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">setelah mengalahkan Mapanji Garasakan dari Jenggala.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Raja Kediri pengganti Samarawijaya ialah Sri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bameswara. Pada masa pemerintahannya, raja ini</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">banyak meninggalkan prasasti. Namun, prasasti tersebut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">banyak berisi mengenai urusan keagamaan sehingga</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perkembangan pemerintahannya tidak dapat diketahui.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usaha memperbaiki perpecahan akibat perang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">saudara dilakukan pada 1120 M. Pada masa pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kameswara dengan cara menikahi Candrakirana putri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dari Kerajaan Jenggala. Peristiwa ini digambarkan Empu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dharmaja dalam Kitab <i>Smaradhana</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Kediri mencapai kejayaannya pada masa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pemerintahan Raja Jayabaya (1135–1157 M) hingga dikenal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sampai ke Tiongkok. Berita ini dibawa oleh seorang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">saudagar Cina bernama Khou Ku Fei. Ia menceritakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahwa pada 1200 M, Kediri adalah kerajaan yang makmur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan telah memiliki pemerintahan yang diatur oleh hukum.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa itu, Jayabaya banyak menghasilkan karya sastra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mengagumkan, seperti Kitab <i>Bharatayudha </i>yang diubah oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Empu Sedah dan Empu Panuluh. Kitab ini memastikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adanya penyatuan di antara dua kerajaan yang sebelumnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terpisah. Namun, yang paling terkenal dari Raja Jayabaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah ramalannya yang terkenal sampai sekarang dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terhimpun dalam suatu Kitab, yaitu <i>Jongko Jayabaya</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9. Kerajaan Singhasari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertentangan dan perpecahan di kalangan istana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Kediri mulai muncul. Penyebabnya, kaum</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brahmana merasa tidak puas atas keputusan raja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang menempatkan posisi Brahmana hanya sebagai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">penasihat. Hal ini berarti posisi kaum Brahmana berada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di bawah kaum Ksatria. Akhirnya, banyak pendeta yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">meninggalkan istana dan membentuk kekuatan baru.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di lain pihak, berkat bantuan seorang pendeta bernama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lohgawe, seorang pemuda bernama Ken Arok diterima</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bekerja di Tumapel, Kediri. Ia bekerja pada seorang <i>akuwu</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(bupati) bernama Tunggul Ametung. Akibat tergoda oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kecantikan Ken Dedes istri Tunggul Ametung, Ken Arok</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berniat membunuh Tunggul Ametung dan memperistri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ken Dedes. Untuk melak sanakan rencananya, Ken</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arok memesan sebuah keris kepada Empu Gandring.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah berhasil membunuh Tunggul Ametung, ia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">segera mengangkat dirinya menjadi Bupati Tumapel dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memperistri Ken Dedes. Para pendeta dan Brahmana yang meninggalkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">istana kemudian bergabung dengan Ken Arok di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tumapel. Dengan bantuan para pendeta dan Brahmana,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ken Arok melakukan penyerangan ke Kediri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam sebuah peperangan di Desa Ganter pada 1222</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M, Ken Arok berhasil mengalahkan Kediri yang saat itu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dipimpin oleh Raja Kertajaya. Seluruh daerah Kediri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jatuh ke tangan kekuasaan Ken Arok yang kemudian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mendirikan Kerajaan Singhasari. Ia menjadi raja dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gelar <i>Sri Ranggah Rajasa Sang Amurwabumi, </i>sedangkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ken Dedes yang saat itu sedang mengandung anak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dari Tunggul Ametung yang kelak bernama Anusapati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diangkat sebagai permaisurinya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkawinan Ken Arok dengan Ken Dedes menurunkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seorang putra bernama Mahisa Wong Ateleng. Ken</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arok juga mempunyai selir bernama Ken Umang yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">melahirkan anak bernama Tohjaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Namun, masa pemerintahan Ken Arok tidak lama. Pada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1247 M, ia dibunuh oleh Anusapati yang telah mengetahui</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahwa ayahnya dibunuh oleh Ken Arok. Anusapati sendiri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kelak dibunuh oleh Tohjaya dengan keris yang sama,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yaitu keris buatan Empu Gandring. Ken Arok diabadikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di Desa Kagenengan sebelah selatan Singhasari dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bangunan suci agama Buddha Syiwa. Adapun Anusapati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dimakamkan di Candi Kidal. Sementara itu, Ken Dedes</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak diketahui waktu meninggal dan makamnya. Namun,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sosoknya diwujudkan dalam bentuk arca Prajnaparamita</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang sangat indah.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Putra Anusapati, Ranggawuni yang bergelar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wisnuwardhana </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berhasil memadamkan kekacauan politik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di Singhasari. Ia naik takhta pada 1248 M didampingi oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mahisa Campaka, sepupunya yang menjadi anggabaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan bergelar <i>Narasinghamurti</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ranggawuni kemudian menobatkan putranya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang bernama Kertanegara pada 1254 M sebagai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yuvaraja </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">atau raja muda. Pengangkatan ini bertujuan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mempersiapkan Kertanegara menjadi seorang raja yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">cakap. Ranggawuni sendiri memerintah sampai 1268 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ranggawuni dimakamkan di Desa Waleri dengan simbol</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">arca Syiwa yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Candi Jago di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Desa Tumpang, Kabupaten Malang, Jawa Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Singhasari mencapai puncak kejayaannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pada masa pemerintahan Kertanegara. Beliau mempunyai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pan dangan yang luas dalam berbagai bidang, terutama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dalam bidang politik, pemerintahan, dan agama. Ia juga raja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang sangat tegas dan pemberani yang ditunjukkan dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sikap dan tindakannya, antara lain sebagai berikut. a. Kertanegara mengganti Mahapatih Raganata dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apanji Aragani. Pergantian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ketidak setujuan Raganata terhadap cita-cita Kertanegara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">untuk menyatukan seluruh Nusantara di bawah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Singhasari (politik <i>Cakrawalamandala</i>) untuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mengimbangi ekspansi kekuatan Kerajaan Mongol di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bawah Kublai Khan di Nusantara. Raganata selanjutnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ditugaskan menjadi adhyaksa di Tumapel.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Pada 1275 M, Kertanegara mengirimkan ekspedisi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">militer bernama Pamalayu ke Jambi. Ekspedisi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ini bertujuan menaklukkan Kerajaan Malayu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kertanegara juga berhasil menaklukkan Bali (1284 M),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sunda (1289 M), Pahang (Malaya), dan Bakulapura</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(Kalimantan Barat). c. Kerajaan Singhasari menjalin hubungan persahabatan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan Kerajaan Campa. Hubungan ini ditingkatkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menjadi hubungan kekeluargaan dengan menikahkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adik Kertanegara, Ratu Tapasi dengan Raja Campa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 1280 M, Kublai Khan berkuasa di daratan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cina bermaksud menguasai Nusantara. Ia mengirimkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">utusan ke Singhasari agar Kertanegara sebagai Raja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Singhasari datang menghadap ke Cina. Hal ini tentu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">saja ditolak oleh Kertanegara yang memang sudah lama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mengetahui rencana Kublai Khan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada 1281 M, Kublai Khan mengirimkan lagi utusannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan maksud yang sama. Akan tetapi, Kertanegara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tetap menolak. Sekitar 1289 M, Kublai Khan mengirimkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">utusan bernama Meng-Ki dengan maksud yang sama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Namun, utusan ini pun ditolaknya. Kertanegara menyadari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahwa tindakannya sangat menghina Kublai Khan dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">akan menimbulkan pertempuran. Namun, ia sudah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mempersiapkan diri menghadapi serbuan dari Mongol.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sementara itu, di Kerajaan Singhasari terjadi kemelut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">akibat penyerangan Jayakatwang, cucu Kertajaya (Raja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kediri terakhir) yang menewaskan Kertanegara pada1292 M. Akhirnya, Jayakatwang naik takhta menjadi Raja</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Singhasari. Pada saat penyerangan tersebut, Raden Wijaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menantu Kertanegara dapat meloloskan diri ke Madura</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan mendapat pertolongan dari Bupati Sumenep Wiraraja.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bertepatan dengan selesainya persiapan untuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyerang Kediri, pasukan Kublai Khan datang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyerang Singhasari. Mereka mengira Singhasari dipimpin oleh Kertanegara yang telah menghinanya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesempatan ini dimanfaatkan oleh Raden Wijaya segera bergabung dengan pasukan Kublai Khan untuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyerang Singhasari. Dengan mudah, tentara Mongol</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">beserta pasukan Raden Wijaya mengalahkan Singhasari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah berhasil mengalahkan Singhasari disertai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tewasnya Jayakatwang, pasukan tentara Mongol berpesta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">merayakan kemenangannya. Namun, mereka diserang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pasukan Raden Wijaya. Pasukan Mongol hancur dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sisanya pulang ke negerinya. Pada 1293 M, Raden Wijaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mendirikan Kerajaan Majapahit yang terkenal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10. Kerajaan Majapahit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah menjadi raja di Kerajaan Majapahit, Raden</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wijaya bergelar <i>Sri Kertarajasa Jayawardhana </i>dan memerintah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">selama 16 tahun (1293–1309 M). Untuk memperkuat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kedudukannya, Sri Kertarajasa menikahi empat orang putri</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kertanegara, yaitu Tribuwana (Prameswari), Dyah Duhita,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prajnaparamita, dan Dyah Gayatri. Hasil pernikahan dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gayatri, Kertarajasa dikaruniai dua anak perempuan, yaitu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tribhuwanattunggadewi (Bhre Kahuripan) dan Rajadewi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Maharajasa (Bhre Daha) dan satu anak laki-laki dari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prameswari, yaitu Jayanegara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa pemerintahan Kertarajasa terjadi berbagai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kemelut politik dan pemberontakan yang dipimpin oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ranggalawe, Lembu Sora, dan Nambi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah Kertarajasa turun takhta dan digantikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">oleh Jayanegara (Kala Gemet), pemberontakan tidak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berhenti. Bahkan bertambah, antara lain pemberontakan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang dipimpin oleh Juru Demung, Gajah Biru, Semi, dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kuti. Di antara pemberontakan tersebut, yang paling</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berbahaya, adalah pemberontakan yang dilakukan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">oleh Kuti. Kuti berhasil menduduki istana Majapahit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sehingga membuat Jayanegara menyingkir ke Desa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badender. Dalam kemelut itu, muncul seorang <i>bekel</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bhayangkari </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(kepala pasukan pengawal raja), yaitu Gajah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mada yang berhasil menumpas pemberontakan Kuti.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahta Majapahit akhirnya dapat terselamatkan. Pada 1328 M, Jayanegara dibunuh oleh Tanca seorang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tabib istana. Ia kemudian dimuliakan dengan arca Wisnu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di dalam pura di Silapetak dan Bubat serta arca Amogasidi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di Sokhalia. Setelah wafat, Jayanegara digantikan oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tribhuwanattunggadewi. Pada masa pemerintahan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tribhuwanattunggadewi ini pun terjadi pem berontakan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemberontakan terbesar adalah pemberontakan Sadeng.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gajah Mada kembali menumpas pemberontakan ini</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pada 1331 M. Atas jasanya, Gajah Mada diangkat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebagai mahapatih di bawah perintah ratu. Dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">acara pengangkatan nya, Gajah Mada mengucapkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumpah Palapa. Sumpah tersebut berisi pernyataannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">untuk tidak akan amukti palapa sebelum dia dapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menundukkan seluruh Nusantara, yaitu Gurun (Maluku),</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seram, Tanjungpura, Haru, Pahang, Dompo, Bali, Sunda,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Palembang, dan Tumasik. Tribhuwanattunggadewi memerintah selama 21</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tahun dan mengundurkan diri pada 1350 M. Ia kemudian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">digantikan oleh putranya, Hayam Wuruk. Hayam Wuruk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">naik takhta pada 1350 M dengan gelar <i>Sri Rajasanegara</i>. Ia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memerintah selama 39 tahun. Saat itu, jabatan mahapatih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tetap dipegang oleh Gajah Mada. Keduanya berperan besar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">membawa Kerajaan Majapahit menuju puncak kejayaannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di bawah pemerintahan Hayam Wuruk, daerah kekuasaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Majapahit meliputi seluruh Nusantara dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">beberapa daerah di luar Indonesia, antara lain Kedah,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pahang, Johor, dan Brunei Darussalam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa pemerintahan Hayam Wuruk, Majapahit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">banyak mendirikan bangunan suci, seperti Candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panataran di Blitar, Candi Sukuh di lereng Gunung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lawu, dan Candi Kedaton di Besuki. Di bidang seni</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sastra, banyak para pujangga yang melahirkan karya-karya bermutu tinggi, antara lain <i>Negarakertagama </i>karya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Empu Prapanca, <i>Arjunawijaya </i>dan <i>Sutasoma </i>karya Empu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tantular, <i>Kuncarakarna</i>, <i>Parthayajna</i>, <i>Pararaton</i>, <i>Ranggalawe</i>,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Panjiwijayakrama</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, <i>Sorandaka</i>, dan <i>Sundayana</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebesaran Majapahit lambat laun mengalami kesuraman</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pada masa akhir kekuasaan Hayam Wuruk. Kematian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gajah Mada pada 1364 M dan ibu Raja Hayam Wuruk,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tribhuwanatunggadewi menyebabkan Raja Hayam Wuruk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kehilangan pegangan dalam menjalankan pemerintahannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Intrik politik di antara keluarga raja kembali terjadi setelah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hayam Wuruk meninggal pada 1389 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut beberapa hal yang menyebabkan Kerajaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Majapahit mengalami kemunduran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Setelah meninggalnya Hayam Wuruk dan Gajah Mada,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak ada lagi pemimpin yang cakap. Raja-raja pengganti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hayam Wuruk, seperti Wikramawardhana dan Suhita</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak mampu secara tegas menindak pembangkangan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang dilakukan oleh Bhre Wirabhumi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Terjadi perselisihan keluarga yang berlarut-larut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perselisihan ini berawal dari meletusnya perang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">saudara (1401–1406 M) yang disebut Perang Paregreg</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">antara Wikramawardhana dan Bhre Wirabhumi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Akibat kekosongan kekuasaan sepeninggal Hayam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wuruk, banyak kerajaan bawahan yang melepaskan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diri dan menjadi negara merdeka.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Adanya serangan dan perebutan kekuasaan oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pasukan Kediri ke Majapahit yang saat itu dikuasai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">oleh Bhre Wirabhumi pada 1478 M. Peristiwa ini</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diperingati dalam suatu <i>candrasengkala </i>(semacam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kalimat sandi), yaitu <i>sirna ila kertaning bhumi </i>yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berarti 1400 saka atau sama dengan tahun 1478 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Munculnya Kesultanan Islam Demak dan Malaka yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mengambil alih pusat perdagangan di Nusantara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. Keberadaan Kerajaan Majapahit diketahui masih ada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sampai abad ke-16. Namun, kerajaan ini tidak memiliki</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pengaruh lagi. Kerajaan ini akhirnya hancur oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">serangan pasukan Demak di bawah pimpinan Adipati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Unus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11. Kerajaan Bali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Munculnya Kerajaan Bali diketahui dari tiga buah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">prasasti yang ditemukan di Belonjong (Sanur), Panempahan,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan Maletgede yang berangka tahun 913 M. Ketiga prasasti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tersebut ditulis dengan huruf Nagari dan Kawi, serta</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berbahasa Bali kuno dan Sanskerta. Dari ketiga prasasti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tersebut tertulis raja Bali yang bernama Kesariwarmadewa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pendiri Wangsa Warmadewa di Bali.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan catatan yang ditemukan dalam prasastiprasasti,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pe ngaruh agama dan kebudayaan Buddha di Bali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">datang lebih dulu di banding kan dengan pengaruh Hindu.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti berangka tahun 882 M yang menggunakan bahasa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bali kuno menerangkan tentang pemberian izin kepada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">para biksu untuk mem buat pertapaan di Bukit Cintamani.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengaruh Hindu di Bali cukup kuat ketika Bali berada di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bawah kekuasaan Jawa Timur sejak abad ke-10 M dan pada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">masa kekuasaan Majapahit abad ke-14 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masuknya pengaruh Hindu- Buddha tidak mengubah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bentuk bangun an per ibada tan setempat, yaitu pura yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mirip dengan bangun an punden berundak pening galan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">zaman Mega litikum. Pada zaman setelah masuknya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hindu, ke percaya an terhadap animisme pun masih kuat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal ini tercermin dari kepercayaan mereka terhadap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dewa-dewa gunung, batu-batu besar, laut, dan dewadewa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lain yang ber kaitan dengan alam. Raja-raja Bali pun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tetap menggunakan gelar-gelar kebangsawanan khas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bali. Adapun dalam keluarga masyarakat Bali dikenal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">nama-nama anak berdasar kan urutan kelahirannya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Misalnya, anak pertama, kedua, ketiga, dan keempat,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yaitu Wayan, Made, Nyoman, dan Ketut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan prasasti-prasasti di Bali di ketahui</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bahwa sejak dulu masyarakat Bali hidup bercocok tanam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam prasasti disebut istilah sawah, <i>parlak </i>(sawah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kering), <i>gaga </i>(ladang), <i>kebwan </i>(kebun), dan <i>kasuwakan</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(pengairan sawah). Dalam Prasasti Klungkung (1072 M)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">disebutkan istilah kasuwakan yang berkembang menjadi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">istilah <i>subak</i>. Subak yang dikenal sekarang dalam sistem</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pertanian di Bali sudah dikenal sejak abad 11 M.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain sektor pertanian, dikembangkan pula sektor</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">perdagangan. Ber dasarkan berita Prasasti Banwa Bharu,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Bali sudah mengenal per dagangan antarpulau.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Raja Bali sudah mengenakan bea cukai dan pajak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terhadap barang yang diperjual beli kan dengan tidak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memberatkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri masyarakat Bali kuno lainnya, yaitu sikap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terbuka dalam me nge luar kan pendapat. Walaupun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mendapat pengaruh Hindu dan Buddha, budaya Bali</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tetap menampil kan ciri-ciri khususnya yang berbeda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan kebudayaan India.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12. Kerajaan Sunda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah Tarumanagara runtuh pada 670 M, muncul</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Sunda dengan pusat kerajaan mulai dari Galuh dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berakhir di Pakuan Pajajaran. Menurut <i>Carita Parahyangan</i>,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">raja yang berkuasa di Galuh ialah Sanna atau Sena yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">mempunyai putra bernama Sanjaya. Namun, berdasarkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">isi Prasasti Canggal (732 M) disebutkan Sanjaya ialah anak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sannaha, saudara perempuan Raja Sanna. Berdasarkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kedua berita itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa Sanjaya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ialah anak Sanna atau Sena dari perkawinannya dengan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sannaha. Raja Sanna atau Sena ini kemudian dikalahkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">oleh Rahyang Purbasora (saudara seibu Raja Sena), namun</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sanjaya berhasil merebut kembali Kerajaan Galuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nama Sunda muncul pada Prasasti Sanghiang Tapak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1030 M) yang ditemukan di Kampung Pangcalikan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan Bantarmuncang, Cibadak, Sukabumi. Nama tokoh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang disebut di sini ialah Maharaja Sri Jayabhupati yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menganut agama Hindu. Menurut Carita Parahyangan,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pusat Kerajaan Sunda pada masa Sri Jayabhupati terletak</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di Pakuan Pajajaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa pemerintahan Prabu Raja Wastu, pusat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerajaan Sunda terletak di Kawali. Dari prasasti-prasasti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kawali diperoleh keterangan bahwa di Kota Kawali terdapat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">keraton bernama Surawisesa. Jika dilihat dari Prasasti Batu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tulis, tokoh Prabu Raja Wastu sama dengan tokoh yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">disebut sebagai Rahyang Niskala Wastu Kancana sebagai</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tokoh yang digantikan oleh Susuhunan di Pakuan Pajajaran.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Carita Parahyangan ketika terjadi Peristiwa Bubat,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wastu Kancana masih kecil sehingga pemerintahannya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diserahkan kepada pengasuhnya Hyang Bunisora. Jadi,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak benar dalam Peristiwa Bubat itu Kerajaan Sunda</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak punya raja lagi. Wastu Kancana menerima tampuk</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pemerintahan (1371–1471 M). Ia, kemudian digantikan oleh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">anaknya Ningrat Kancana atau Tohaan di Galuh.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peninggalan Sejarah Kerajaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C</span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peninggalan sejarah kerajaan Hindu-Buddha meliputi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">seni bangunan, seni rupa, dan seni sastra.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Seni Bangunan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seni bangunan Hindu-Buddha di Indonesia terdiri atas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bangunan keagamaan (candi dan stupa) dan nonkeagamaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(gapura dan pertirtaan atau tempat mandi).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Candi berasal dari kata <i>candikagraha </i>yang artinya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kediaman. Candika, sebutan untuk Dewi Durga (Dewi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kematian). Candi adalah bangunan yang berfungsi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebagai makam sekaligus tempat pemujaan, khususnya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bagi raja dan kalangan ter kemuka lainnya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Candi terdiri atas tiga bagian, yaitu kaki candi,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tubuh candi, dan atap candi. Kaki candi melambangkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">alam bawah (<i>bhurloka</i>), yaitu dunia manusia yang masih</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">terikat hal-hal duniawi. Tubuh candi melambang kan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">alam antara (<i>bhuvarloka</i>), yaitu dunia manusia yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak terikat hal-hal duniawi. Atap candi melambangkan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">alam atas (<i>svarloka</i>), yaitu dunia tempat para dewa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bersemayam.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dilihat dari susunannya, terdapat tiga corak bangunan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">candi, yaitu corak Jawa Tengah bagian utara, corak Jawa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tengah bagian selatan, dan corak Jawa Timur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Corak Candi Jawa Tengah bagian Utara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Corak candi ini meng gambarkan susunan masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang mendekati demokratis. Hal ini tampak dari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">susunan kompleks candi yang sama bangunannya, baik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ukuran maupun modelnya. Tidak ada bangunan candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang mencolok melebihi bangunan yang lain. Misalnya,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Candi Canggal, Kompleks Candi Gedong Songo, dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kompleks Candi Dieng.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Corak Candi Jawa Tengah bagian Selatan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Corak candi ini meng gambarkan susunan masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang feodal dengan menempatkan raja sebagai pusat. Hal ini</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tampak dari susunan kompleks candi kecil yang mengelilingi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">candi utama yang bentuknya lebih besar. Misalnya, Candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalasan, Candi Borobudur, Candi Prambanan, Candi Sewu,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Candi Sukuh, dan Candi Mendut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Corak Candi Jawa Timur</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Corak candi ini meng gambarkan susunan masyarakat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang federal, di mana raja berdiri di belakang untuk mempersatukan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal ini tampak dari susunan bangunan candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">utama di latar belakang bangunan candi yang lebih kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Misalnya, Candi Bima, Candi Badut, Kompleks Candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penataran, Candi Jawi, Candi Jago, Candi Singhasari, dan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Candi Sumberawan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ciri-ciri menonjol yang membedakan candi-candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jawa Tengah, yaitu umumnya menghadap ke arah timur,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">bentuk atap bertingkat, puncak candi berbentuk ratna</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">atau stupa, bentuk bangunan tambun, letak candi di</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tengah halaman, dan bahan terbuat dari batu andesit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun candi Jawa Timur, umumnya menghadap</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ke arah barat, atap piramida jenjang, puncak candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berbentuk kubus, bangunan ramping, candi di bagian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">belakang halaman, dan bahan terbuat dari batu bata.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Stupa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Stupa adalah bangunan yang berkaitan dengan agama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buddha yang berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">benda-benda keramat peninggalan Buddha Gautama</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan tempat untuk memperingati kejadian penting</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dalam kehidupan Buddha Gautama. Misalnya, stupa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Borobudur, stupa Muara Takus, dan stupa Kalasan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Gapura</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gapura adalah bangunan berupa pintu gerbang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gapura ada yang beratap dan berdaun pintu dan ada yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyerupai candi terbelah dua. Misalnya, Gapura Wringin</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lawang di Trowulan peninggalan Kerajaan Majapahit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Petirtaan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Petirtaan adalah pemandian suci di kalangan istana.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Misalnya, petirtaan Tirtha Empul dan Jolotondo.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Seni Rupa</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk peninggalan seni rupa bercorak Hindu- Buddha</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">di Indonesia terdiri atas relief dan arca.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Relief</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Relief adalah hasil seni pahat berupa hiasan-hiasan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">pengisi dinding candi yang melukiskan cerita. Relief</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dipahatkan pada kaki candi, tubuh candi, atau atap candi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Misalnya, relief perjalanan hidup Siddharta Buddha</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gautama pada Candi Borobudur dan relief Ramayana pada</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dinding Candi Prambanan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Arca</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arca adalah patung yang dipahat sedemikian</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">rupa sehingga membentuk bentuk tertentu. Setiap arca</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memiliki tanda sendiri untuk membedakan dewa yang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">satu dengan yang lain. Misalnya, arca Dwarapala di Candi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Singhasari, arca Airlangga dalam wujud Dewa Wisnu, arca</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Siddharta Gautama, dan arca Ken Dedes dalam wujud</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prajnaparamita.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Seni Sastra</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk peninggalan seni sastra bercorak Hindu-</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buddha di Indonesia terdiri atas prasasti dan kitab.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Prasasti</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti merupakan tulisan pada batu yang memuat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">berbagai informasi tentang sejarah, dan peringatan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">atau catatan suatu peristiwa. Misalnya, Prasasti Kutai,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasasti Canggal, Prasasti Ciaruteun, Prasasti Talang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tuo, dan Prasati Kota Kapur.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Kitab</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kitab merupakan hasil karangan berupa kisah, catatan,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">atau laporan tentang suatu peristiwa atau kejadian. Isi kitab</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tidak berupa kalimat langsung, tetapi berupa puisi dalam</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sejumlah bait yang disebut <i>kakawin</i>. Misalnya, <i>Kakawin</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bharatyudha </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">karya Empu Sedah dan Empu Panuluh,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Arjunawiwaha </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">karya Empu Kanwa. <i>Smaradhana </i>karya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Empu Dharmaja, <i>Negarakertagama </i>karya Empu Prapanca,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sutasoma Arjunawijaya, Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dan <i>Pararaton karya Empu Prapanca</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-49607951181486554752012-08-15T15:12:00.000+07:002012-08-15T15:12:18.345+07:00BAB I PENGERTIAN DAN PEMBABAKAN ZAMAN PRASEJARAH DI INDONESIA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf2lVolZYSbzvzrr9jg5_iUWMA2bJx9n2LHBCKWR2hQV6CVv3HjDXXlaMo-WuxLo6grbSnKq5FhN3F_vTjheO9ViHXpBNAL69frS3hLPkeu2nbOUBatmrqNM6LfEWYwNsZoUZm6PVcdAQ/s1600/manusia-purba1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf2lVolZYSbzvzrr9jg5_iUWMA2bJx9n2LHBCKWR2hQV6CVv3HjDXXlaMo-WuxLo6grbSnKq5FhN3F_vTjheO9ViHXpBNAL69frS3hLPkeu2nbOUBatmrqNM6LfEWYwNsZoUZm6PVcdAQ/s320/manusia-purba1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">BAB I PENGERTIAN DAN PEMBABAKAN ZAMAN PRASEJARAH DI INDONESIA</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Standar Kompetensi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Memahami Lingkungan Kehidupan Manusia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kompetensi dasar<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Menjelaskan Kehidupan Pada Masa Prasejarah di Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alokasi Waktu<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 2 X 40 menit</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dengan mempelajari bab ini, kamu diharapkan mampu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menjelaskan pengertian sejarah;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasi sumber-sumber sejarah;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menjelaskan pengertian zaman prasejarah dan zaman sejarah;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menguraikan pembabakan zaman prasejarah di Indonesia;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.85pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mengidentifikasi ilmu bantu dalam penelitian prasejarah di Indonesia</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">====================================================================================</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pendalaman Materi/Konsep</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pelajaran sejarah merupakan bagian dari ilmu pengetahuan sosial. Ahli sejarah di Indonesia, Kuntowidjoyo, mendefinisikan sejarah sebagai sebuah rekonstruksi masa lalu. Hal yang direnkonstruksi adalah apa saja yang sudah dipikirkan, dikatakan, dikerjakan, dirasakan, dan dialami oleh seseorang.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sejarah adalah rekaman peristiwa yang terjadi di masa lalu dengan pelakunya adalah manusia. Jadi setiap orang memiliki sejarah sendiri-sendiri. Untuk dapat mengetahui sejarah suatu bangsa, dapat dilakukan dengan meneliti sumber-sumber sejarah. Sumber sejarah ada tiga macam, yaitu sumber lisan, sumber tertulis, dan sumber benda. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengertian Sejarah</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kata sejarah berasal dari bahasa Arab, yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Syajaratun</i> yang berarti pohon. Apabila kita melihat pohon secara terbalik, kita dapat menghubungkannya dengan bentuk penggambaran silsilah keturunan. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sejarah dalam arti sempit, adalah segala sesuatu yang terjadi di waktu lampau. Dapat pula dikatan bahwa sejarah adalah ilmu yang mempelajari kejadian-kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Dengan mempelajari sejarah, kita dapat mengetahui kehidupan budaya manusia pada masa lampau, perekonomiannya, kenegaraannya, bentuk bangunannya, hasil karyanya, serta mengetahui bagaimana perjuangan manusia dalam mempertahankan hidupnya. Ingatlah bahwa bangsa yang besar adalah bangsa yang mau menghargai sejarah bangsanya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber Sejarah</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ada tiga macam sumber sejarah, yaitu sebagai berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber lisan</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, adalah keterangan berupa ucapan atau perkataan dari orang-orang yang mengalami peristiwa secara langsung atau menjadi saksi langsung dari peristiwa tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber tertulis</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, adalah sumber yang berupa prasasti-prasasti, dokumen, naskah, babad, rekaman, dan tulisan yang terdapat pada benda seperti batu, logam, kayu, bambu, gerabah, tulang, tanduk, daun lontar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber benda</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, adalah sumber yang berupa peninggalan-peninggalan sejarah ataupun benda-benda budaya seperti kapak, geranah, perhiasan, manik-manik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sumber sejarah tidak langsung dapat digunakan untuk mempelajari sejarah. Sumber tersebut harus di verifikasi sehingga layak untuk dijadikan referensi dalam mempelajari sejarah. Verifikasi yaitu kritik sumber yang terdiri dari hal-hal berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kritik ekstern</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, kritik mengenai keaslian sumber (otentisitas).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kritik intern</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, kritik apakah sumber tersebut dapat dipercaya atau tidak (keabsahan/kredibilitas).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengertian Zaman Prasejarah dan Zaman Sejarah</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman prasejarah adalah zaman ketika manusia belum mengenal atau menggunakan tulisan. Sedangkan zaman sejarah adalah zaman ketika manusia mengenal dan menggunakan tulisan. Zaman sebelum manusia mengenal tulisan disebut zaman prasejarah. Pra berarti sebelum, sedangkan sejarah adalah cerita atau kisah manusia pada masa silam yang belum ada bukti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertulis. Zaman prasejarah juga biasa disebut zaman praaksara, pra artinya tulisan dan aksara artinya tulisan. Juga dikenal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>zaman nirleka (nir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: tidak, leka : tulisan), jadi nirleka adalah zaman tanpa tulisan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Setiap daerah memasuki zaman sejarah berbeda-beda, cepat tidaknya suatu bangsa memasuki zaman sejarah tergantung dari tinngi rendahnya tingkat kebudayaan yang sudah mereka miliki dan sudah adanya bukti tertulisnya. Contohnya Indonesia, diperkirakan memasuki zaman sejarah pada abad ke-4 Masehi (sekitar tahun 400-an) dengan diketemukannya sebuah sumber tertulis dari kerajaan Kutai, di Kalimantan Timur, yang berupa Yupa (tugu batu pengikat hewan kurban) sebanyak 7 buah yang berisi cerita tentang kerajaan Kutai dengan menggunakan huruf</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pallawa dan bahasa Sansekerta. Akan tetapi, di Mesir mereka sudah memasuki zaman sejarah jauh lebih dulu, yakni sekitar 4000 SM.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembabakan Zaman Prasejarah di Indonesia</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pembabakan (pembagian) zaman prasejarah di Indonesia, para ahli membaginya berdasarka dua hal, yakni secara arkeologi dan secara geologi. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Arkeologi</u></i></b> adalah ilmu yang mempelajari hasil-hasil kebendaan dari kebudayaan-kebudayaan yang sudah silam. Secara arkeologi Maka masa ini dibagi dua, yakni sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman Batu</span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman ini disebut zaman batu karena alat-alat yang ditemukan pada umumnya masih terbuat dari batu, walaupun ditemukan pula beberapa alat dari tulang atau tanduk hewan. Zaman batu terbagi lagi atas zaman Palaeolithikum, Mesolithikum, Neolithikum, dan Megalithikum. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman Logam</span></u></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada zaman ini kemampuan manusia prasejarah dalam membuat barang-barang mengalami peningkatan. Terbukti dengan ditemukannya alat-alat dari logam, yang menunjukan mereka telah memiliki kemampuan untuk mengolah bijih besi. Zaman logam terbagi atas zaman tembaga, perunggu, dan besi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Menurut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>geologi</u></i></b>, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari kulit bumi membagi zaman prasejarah seperti dalam tabel berikut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel : Pembabakan masa prasejarah berdasarkan ilmu geologi</span></i></b></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 728px;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.4pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.15pt;" valign="top" width="266"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kurun Waktu</span></b></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 274.8pt;" valign="top" width="366"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ciri Khas Kehidupan</span></b></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.4pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Arkaikum</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.15pt;" valign="top" width="266"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berlangsung 2.500juta tahun yang lalu</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 274.8pt;" valign="top" width="366"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kulit bumi masih panas, keadaanbumi belum stabil dan dalam prose pembentukan, belum ada tanda-tanda mahluk hidup</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.4pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Palaeozoikum</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.15pt;" valign="top" width="266"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berlangsung 340 juta tahun yang lalu</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 274.8pt;" valign="top" width="366"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bumi sudah terbentuk, sudah mulai ada tanda-tanda kehidupan seperti mikro-organisme, ikan, amfibi, dan reptil yang bentuknya kecil dan jumlahnya belum begitu banyak.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.4pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mesozoikum</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.15pt;" valign="top" width="266"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berlangsung 140 juta tahun yang lalu</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 274.8pt;" valign="top" width="366"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jenis ikan dan reptil sudah mulai banyak. Dinosaurus diperkitakan hidup pada zaman ini.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.4pt;" valign="top" width="97"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Neozoikum</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.15pt;" valign="top" width="266"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Berlangsung 60 juta tahun yang lalu sampai kini</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 274.8pt;" valign="top" width="366"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Terbagi atas dua zaman, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman tersier yang terbagi atas :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Palaeosen </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Eosen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Oligosen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Miosen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pliosen</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 11.95pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada zaman ini binatang berukuran besar sudah mulai Berkurang, sedangkan monyet dan kera mulai bertambah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman Kuarter yang terbagi atas :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pleistosen (Dilluvium)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 26.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 11.95pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Holosen (Alluvium)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 11.95pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pada zaman Pleistosen hidup manusia purba atau lebih dikenal manusia-kera, sedangkan pada zaman Holosen bentuk fisik manusia purba mirip dengan bentuk fisik manusia zaman sekarang</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ilmu Bantu Dalam Penelitian Zaman Prasejarah</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ilmu-ilmu bantu tersebut adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paleoantropologi </span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adalah ilmu yang mengkaji bentuk-bentuk fisik manusia mulai dari bentuk manusia pertama hingga menjelang zaman sejarah</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Paleontologi</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah ilmu yang mengkaji fosil-fosil. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Geologi</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah ilmu yang mengkaji lapisan bumi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zaman prasejarah hanya meninggalkan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>fosil </u></i></b>(sisa-sisa mahluk hidup yang terdiri atas manusia, hewan, dan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang telah membatu) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan benda buatan manusia yang disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>artefak</u></i></b>. Untuk meniliti umur artefak digunakan beberapa cara penelitian berdasarkan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tipologi atau bentuk</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah cara penentuan umur benda berdasarkan bentuknya. Makin sederhana bentuknya maka umur benda tersebut diperkirakan makin tua.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stratigrafi</span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> adalah cara penentuan umur benda berdasarkan letak temuannya dalam lapisan tanah. Lapisan tanah paling bawah adalah lapisan tanah paling tua. Sedangkan lapisan paling atas adalah lapisan tanah paling muda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>Radiasi</u></i></b> adalah cara penentuan umur benda berdasarkan banyaknya sinar tertentu yang masuk ke benda tersebut. Makin banyak sinar yang masuk berarti makin tua umurnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kimiawi </span></u></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">adalah cara penentuan umur benda berdasarkan kandungan unsur-unsur kimia yang ada dalam benda itu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.25pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">REFLEKSI</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika terdapat materi yang belum dipahami, pelajari kembali secara seksama dan diskusikan bersama kelompok belajarmu, carilah referensi lain yang relevan, termasuk Internet. Lebih lanjut, tanyakan kepada guru bidang studi Sejarah di sekolahmu agar semua materi dapat dikuasai!</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">UJI KOMPETENSI</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Silanglah salah satu jawaban yang paling benar!</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Manfaat yang dapat diambil dengan mempelajari peristiwa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di masa lampau adalah.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Agar dapat mempersiapkan kehidupan di masa depan jadi lebih baik</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Mengenang peristiwa masa lampau</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Untuk dapat di ceritakan kepada generasi mendatang</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Melupakan kehidupan yang sudah lewat</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pembeda antara zaman prasejarah dengan zaman sejarah adalah.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman prasejarah sudah ada tulisan, zaman sejarah belum ada tulisan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman prasejarah belum ada tulisan, zaman sejarah sudah ada tulisan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman prasejarah belum ada manusia, zaman sejarah sudah ada manusia</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman prasejarah sudah ada manusia, zaman sejarah belum ada manusia</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengkritikan sumber sejarah untuk menilai keaslian sumber disebut.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Heuristik<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interpretasi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Verifikasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>historiografi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perkembangan zaman prasejarah berdasarkan perkembangan kebudayaan terdiri atas.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman logam dan perunggu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman batu dan perunggu</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman batu dan besi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman batu dan logam</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cara penentuan umur benda berdasarkan letak temuannya dalam lapisan tanah adalah cara penelitian berdasarkan.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tipologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stratigrafi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Radiasi<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kimiawi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman sebelum manusia mengenal tulisan (aksara) disebut.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman palaeolithikum<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prasejarah atau praaksara</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Prasasti<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fosil</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berdasarkan benda-benda peninggalan zaman manusia purba, pembabakan zaman praaksara dibagi menjadi.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman sejarah dan zaman praaksara<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman perunggu dan zaman logam</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Zaman batu dan zaman logam<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman plestosin dan zaman holosen</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman diperkirakan manusia mulai hadir di muka bumi adalah zaman.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Neozoikum<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mesozoikum</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Palaeozoikum<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pleistosen</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kata fosil berasal dari kata fodere yang berarti.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tulang<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menggali</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Tubuh<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>peninggalan</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ilmu bantu sejarah yang mempelajari lapisan-lapisan kulit bumi adalah.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Arkeologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Geologi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Paleontologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Paleoantropologi</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000;">Isian</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kata sejarah berasal dari bahasa arab, yaitu.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Kritik mengenai keaslian sumber (otentisitas) disebut kritik.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Indonesia diperkirakan memasuki zaman sejarah pada abad ke.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pembabakan zaman prasejarah menjadi arkaikum, palaeozoikum, mesozoikum, dan neozoikum adalah berdasarkan ilmu.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Peninggalan-peninggalan zaman prasejarah berupa fosil-fosil dan benda-benda buatan manusia disebut.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cara penentuan umur benda berdasarkan kandungan unsur-unsur kimia yang ada dalam benda disebut.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">17.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prasasti, dokumen, naskah adalah sumber sejarah.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">18.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tugu batu pengikat hewan kurban yang diketemukan di muara kaman adalah.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">19.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zaman prasejarah meninggalkan bukti berupa fosil yang dinamakan......</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">20.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cara penentuan benda berdasarkan bentuknya adalah.....</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #c00000;">Uraian</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">21.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Jelaskan perbendaan pengertian prasejarah dengan sejarah!</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">22.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apa yang dimaksud dengan artefak!</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">23.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebutkan dan jelaskan sumber sejarah!</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">24.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Deskripsikan kurun waktu zaman praaksara secara kronologis!</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">25.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Sebutkan beberapa cara penelitian umur artefak!</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><br />
</div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-35190541197095191352011-02-19T15:10:00.000+07:002012-08-15T00:45:01.939+07:00Tanya Jawab<div align="center"><img alt="http://nuptkkemenagkng.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/tanyajawab.gif" src="http://nuptkkemenagkng.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/tanyajawab.gif" /></div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-80764619903368659172011-02-19T15:06:00.000+07:002012-08-15T00:45:01.991+07:00Kontak Kami<div align="center"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqgqZOOEsherdDC0gadessLPofORmr1vE8FQbZ1FKHfns0rPohy_Uxgi2vXHIGyN-k6j3f5mbuSVOM0r6DixNy0GUvtvKwywCNRYjkB2yWquOiaXIPy654Z0iFQepAGWxImJrMMp0fIyI/s1600/contact-us.jpg" /></div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2665740563841430349.post-90924688408719171562011-02-19T15:05:00.000+07:002012-08-15T00:45:02.025+07:00Tentang Kami<div align="center"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU1Npda73J5P_lGv1cwEuPOHCQ6PjXaq04KlEB2LA8pMAurvTSNkzRF1SmBQqN7b_FU8AN83XNN6x_twWnVI9qL7YX9lfWwoQeFEWFtXIECGYCvfLT4bUoNW1WpW1cwiXMRu9_FT_VW7w/s1600/company_profile.jpg" /></div>I Putu Suwitra, S.Pdhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01036526032280962895noreply@blogger.com3